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. 2021 Jul 29;12:696280. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696280

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Copyright © 2021 Qin, Scicluna and van der Poll

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Regulation of host DNA methylation of immune responses during infection. Figure representing a general overview of how infection can affect DNA methylation. Note: not all infection modify DNA methylation; an overview of changes induced by specific pathogens is provided in the table. ① Infection induces DNA (de)methylation at target genes; ② Infection alters the transcription of DNA methylation modifiers TETs and DNMTs; ③ Loss of DNMTs promotes infection induced DNA demethylation at target genes; ④ TET proteins promote infection induced DNA demethylation at target genes; ⑤ TET proteins recruit HDACs for histone modification at IL1B and IL6 promoters; ⑥ TET proteins oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) on SOCS3 messenger RNA (mRNA); ⑦ Infection alter metabolic products that regulate the activity of TET proteins. “arrow” symbol represents promotion, “bar-headed arrow” symbol represents inhibition. DNMTs, DNA methyltransferases; TETs, ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases; HDACs, Histone deacetylases; TFs, transcription factors; IL, interleukin; SOCS3, Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; α-KG, a-ketoglutarate.