FIGURE 3.

Dapagliflozin inhibits cardiac EndMT and TGFβ/Smad signalling with AMPK activation in type 2 diabetic rats. A, Immunofluorescence co‐staining of CD31 and α‐SMA (scale bar: 50 μm). B, Western blot analysis of CD31, VE‐cadherin, α‐SMA and Vimentin. C, Immunohistochemical staining of VE‐cadherin and FSP‐1 (scale bar: 50 μm). D, PCR analysis of EndMT markers (snial1, snial2, twist1, twist2). E, Western blot analysis of P‐AMPKα, AMPKα, Smad4 and TGF‐β. DCM: diabetic cardiomyopathy; EndMT, endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition; DAPA: dapagliflozin, 1 mg/kg·day; MET: metformin, 200 mg/kg·day. (*P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001; data = means ± SD; n = 6 in each group; statistical analysis was carried out using one‐way ANOVA)