FIGURE 5.

Knockdown of RAPGEF2 halts the AβO‐induced spine loss. A, Representative GFP fluorescence images of cultured hippocampal neurons. Neurons (DIV 18) were transfected with either scrambled shRNA or shRAPGEF2 for 3 days and treated with oligomeric Aβ (AβO, 1 μM) for 10 h before immunostaining. Bottom, Enlarged images of the data enclosed in rectangles at the top. Scale, 10 μm. B–D, Quantification of spine density (B), length (C), and head size (D) (n = 12 neurons in scrambled‐vehicle and shRAPGEF2‐AβO; n = 13 neurons in shRAPGEF2‐vehicle and scrambled‐AβO). All data are shown as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; one‐way ANOVA, Tukey's multiple‐comparison test