Table 2.
Mixed effects of maternal and community-level factors and home births
| Independent variables | Model 0 | Model I | Model II | Model III |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR[95%CI] | aOR[95%CI] | aOR[95%CI] | aOR[95%CI] | |
| Fixed effect results | ||||
| Individual-level factors | ||||
| Age | ||||
| ≤ 19 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 20–34 | 1.08[0.74–1.58] | 1.10[0.75–1.61] | ||
| ≥ 35 | 1.12[0.72–1.75] | 1.19[0.76–1.85] | ||
| Wealth status | ||||
| Poorest | Ref | Ref | ||
| Poorer | 0.65***[0.53–0.81] | 0.68***[0.55–0.84] | ||
| Middle | 0.53***[0.42–0.69] | 0.61***[0.47–0.78] | ||
| Richer | 0.29***[0.20–0.41] | 0.42***[0.29–0.61] | ||
| Richest | 0.22***[0.01–0.07] | 0.07***[0.02–0.24] | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Religious | Ref | Ref | ||
| Non-religious | 1.38*[1.02–1.86] | 1.33[0.98–1.79] | ||
| Education | ||||
| Without formal education | Ref | Ref | ||
| Formal education | 0.63**[0.48–0.82] | 0.71*[0.54–0.93] | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | Ref | Ref | ||
| Cohabiting | 1.49**[1.14–1.93] | 1.57**[1.21–2.04] | ||
| Total children ever born | ||||
| 1–2 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 3–4 | 1.16[0.93–1.45] | 1.19[0.95–1.49] | ||
| ≥ 5 | 1.28*[1.00–1.62] | 1.29*[1.01–1.66] | ||
| Occupation | ||||
| Not working | Ref | Ref | ||
| Working | 0.92[0.73–1.15] | 0.92[0.74–1.15] | ||
| Partner’s education | ||||
| Without formal education | Ref | Ref | ||
| Formal education | 0.57***[0.44–0.72] | 0.62***[0.49–0.79] | ||
| Access to mass media | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.78*[0.60–0.99] | 0.78*[0.60–0.99] | ||
| Getting medical help for self: getting permission to go | ||||
| Big problem | Ref | Ref | ||
| Not a big problem | 0.59***[0.47–0.73] | 0.62***[0.50–0.77] | ||
| Getting medical help for self: getting money needed for treatment | ||||
| Big problem | Ref | Ref | ||
| Not a big problem | 1.12[0.89–1.41] | 1.08[0.86–1.36] | ||
| Getting medical help for self: distance to health facility | ||||
| Big problem | Ref | Ref | ||
| Not a big problem | 0.84[0.67–1.06] | 0.92[0.74–1.15] | ||
| ANC visit | ||||
| Below recommended | Ref | Ref | ||
| Recommended | 0.32***[0.17–0.60] | 0.33**[0.18–0.63] | ||
| Health decision making | ||||
| Alone | Ref | Ref | ||
| Respondent and partner | 1.03[0.72–1.47] | 0.98[0.68–1.40] | ||
| Others | 1.39[0.99–1.95] | 1.29[0.92--1.80] | ||
| Community-level factors | ||||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | Ref | Ref | ||
| Rural | 0.97[0.62–1.50] | 0.94[0.63–1.41] | ||
| Sex of Household Head | ||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | ||
| Female | 0.89[0.66–1.20] | 0.85[0.62–1.15] | ||
| Community literacy level | ||||
| Low | Ref | Ref | ||
| Medium | 0.29***[0.19–0.45] | 0.37***[0.24–0.55] | ||
| High | 0.12***[0.71–0.22] | 0.24***[0.14–0.41] | ||
| Community socioeconomic status | ||||
| Low | Ref | Ref | ||
| Medium | 0.28***[0.16–0.49] | 0.37***[0.22–0.63] | ||
| High | 0.08***[0.05–0.15] | 0.25***[0.14–0.46] | ||
| Random effect results | ||||
| PSU Variance[95%CI] | 5.45[4.24–7.00] | 2.19[1.66–2.88] | 2.25[1.73–2.93] | 1.73[1.30–2.30] |
| ICC | 0.62 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.34 |
| LR Test | 1653.79*** | 498.95*** | 682.12*** | 399.42*** |
| Wald X2 | Ref | 278.62*** | 222.05*** | 375.94*** |
| Model specification analysis | ||||
| Log likelihood | −2412.8451 | − 2230.3118 | − 2288.2112 | −2178.3287 |
| AIC | 4829.69 | 4504.624 | 4592.422 | 4412.657 |
| BIC | 4843.603 | 4657.666 | 4648.074 | 4607.439 |
aOR adjusted Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval in square brackets, Ref Reference Category; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001