TABLE 2.
Associations between putative risk factors and lifetime eating disorder diagnoses till T4 or EDDS at T5–T6
| Variable | Lifetime eating disorder diagnoses | EDDS T5 | EDDS T6 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | OR | 95%CI | N | OR | 95%CI | N | OR | 95%CI | |
| Sociodemographic factors | |||||||||
| Sex (female) T1 | 1,589 | 4.6 | 2.2–9.4 | 1,496 | 4.3 | 3.2–5.7 | 1,297 | 4.6 | 3.4–6.1 |
| Socioeconomic status T1 | 1,568 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.1 | 1,476 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.2 | 1,278 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 |
| Socioeconomic status T1 — quadratic | 1,568 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.1 | 1,476 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.2 | 1,278 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 |
| Ethnicity (minority group) T1 | 1,589 | 2.4 | 1.1–5.1 | 1,496 | 1.2 | 0.7–1.8 | 1,297 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.3 |
| Pregnancy and perinatal factors | |||||||||
| Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy | 1,563 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.4 | 1,475 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.5 | 1,278 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.2 |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | 1,564 | 1.0 | 0.5–1.8 | 1,477 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.5 | 1,279 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 |
| Maternal problems during pregnancy | 1,565 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.7 | 1,476 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.6 | 1,278 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.4 |
| Maternal dietary adjustments | 1,056 | 0.9 | 0.4–2.3 | 1,009 | 1.4 | 1.0–1.9 | 864 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.6 |
| Maternal age at child's birth | 1,522 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.0 | 1,436 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.2 | 1,248 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 |
| Maternal age at child's birth — quadratic | 1,522 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.1 | 1,436 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 | 1,248 | 1.0 | 1.0–1.1 |
| Paternal age at child's birth | 1,248 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.2 | 1,179 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.2 | 1,014 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 |
| Paternal age at child's birth — quadratic | 1,248 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.2 | 1,179 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 | 1,014 | 1.0 | 1.0–1.1 |
| Gestational age | 1,570 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.7 | 1,481 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.2 | 1,283 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 |
| Gestational age — quadratic | 1,570 | 0.9 | 0.8–1.1 | 1,481 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.0 | 1,283 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.0 |
| Birth weight | 1,570 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.2 | 1,475 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 | 1,279 | 0.9 | 0.8–1.1 |
| Birth weight — quadratic | 1,570 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.1 | 1,475 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 | 1,279 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 |
| Small for gestational age | 1,547 | 1.0 | 0.4–2.2 | 1,455 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.5 | 1,260 | 1.0 | 0.7–1.4 |
| Large for gestational age | 1,547 | 0.4 | 0.1–1.6 | 1,455 | 1.3 | 0.8–1.9 | 1,260 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.7 |
| Multiple birth | 1,335 | 0 | 0 | 1,255 | 1.6 | 0.8–3.5 | 1,083 | 2.1 | 1.0–4.8 |
| Congenital malformations | 1,582 | 0 | 0 | 1,490 | 1.5 | 0.7–3.3 | 1,291 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.6 |
| Perinatal complications | 1,556 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.6 | 1,467 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.3 | 1,270 | 0.7 | 0.6–0.9 |
| Eating‐ and weight‐related factors | |||||||||
| Eating problems as toddler | 1,581 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.7 | 1,489 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.2 | 1,290 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.0 |
| Food allergy as toddler | 1,556 | 1.3 | 0.5–3.6 | 1,466 | 1.7 | 1.1–2.6 | 1,268 | 1.4 | 0.8–2.2 |
| Undereating T1 | 1,588 | 1.6 | 0.7–3.7 | 1,495 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 | 1,296 | 1.0 | 0.7–1.6 |
| Overeating T1 | 1,587 | 5.6 | 2.9–10.7 | 1,494 | 2.8 | 1.8–4.3 | 1,295 | 2.4 | 1.5–3.8 |
| Reported overweight T1 | 1,561 | 5.0 | 2.6–9.8 | 1,473 | 5.7 | 3.7–8.8 | 1,275 | 5.1 | 3.1–8.4 |
| Vomiting T1 | 1,544 | 0 | 0 | 1,453 | 1.1 | 0.4–3.1 | 1,264 | 1.4 | 0.5–3.7 |
| Excessive sport activity T1 | 1,565 | 0.9 | 0.4–2.2 | 1,475 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | 1,277 | 1.0 | 0.7–1.5 |
| Body mass index T1 | 1,549 | 1.9 | 1.4–2.5 | 1,460 | 2.1 | 1.8–2.4 | 1,264 | 1.9 | 1.7–2.2 |
| Body mass index T1 — quadratic | 1,549 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.5 | 1,460 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.2 | 1,264 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.2 |
| Psychological functioning | |||||||||
| Negative affectivity T1 | 1,579 | 1.5 | 1.2–2.0 | 1,490 | 1.4 | 1.2–1.6 | 1,292 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.4 |
| Self‐esteem — global T1 | 1,577 | 0.7 | 0.5–0.9 | 1,486 | 0.7 | 0.6–0.8 | 1,288 | 0.8 | 0.7–0.9 |
| Self‐esteem — physical appearance T1 | 1,577 | 0.5 | 0.4–0.7 | 1,486 | 0.6 | 0.5–0.7 | 1,288 | 0.7 | 0.6–0.8 |
| Alcohol use T1 | 1,572 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.4 | 1,482 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.1 | 1,283 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.1 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder T1 | 1,577 | 1.7 | 1.3–2.1 | 1,486 | 1.4 | 1.3–1.6 | 1,287 | 1.3 | 1.2–1.5 |
| Social phobia T1 | 1,577 | 1.8 | 1.5–2.3 | 1,486 | 1.5 | 1.4–1.7 | 1,287 | 1.6 | 1.4–1.8 |
| Separation anxiety disorder T1 | 1,577 | 1.4 | 1.2–1.8 | 1,486 | 1.3 | 1.2–1.5 | 1,287 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.4 |
| Panic disorder T1 | 1,577 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.7 | 1,486 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.4 | 1,287 | 1.2 | 1.1–1.4 |
| Obsessive–compulsive disorder T1 | 1,576 | 1.5 | 1.2–1.9 | 1,486 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.4 | 1,287 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.3 |
| Major depression disorder T1 | 1,577 | 1.6 | 1.2–2.0 | 1,486 | 1.3 | 1.2–1.5 | 1,287 | 1.2 | 1.1–1.4 |
| Stressful experiences | |||||||||
| Being bullied T1 | 1,565 | 1.9 | 0.7–4.8 | 1,479 | 1.5 | 1.0–2.5 | 1,280 | 1.4 | 0.9–2.4 |
| Adverse events | 1,568 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.5 | 1,475 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 | 1,277 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.2 |
| Sexual abuse | 1,403 | 2.1 | 0.5–9.1 | 1,302 | 2.4 | 1.1–5.2 | 1,141 | 1.5 | 0.7–3.3 |
| Family factors | |||||||||
| Parental psychopathology — internalizing | 1,533 | 1.0 | 0.6–1.7 | 1,444 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.7 | 1,253 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.6 |
| Parental psychopathology — externalizing | 1,530 | 1.7 | 0.9–3.5 | 1,442 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.8 | 1,250 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.2 |
| Perceived parental warmth T1 | 1,576 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.1 | 1,486 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.2 | 1,286 | 1.2 | 1.1–1.4 |
| Perceived parental warmth T1 — quadratic | 1,576 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.3 | 1,486 | 0.9 | 0.9–1.0 | 1,286 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 |
| Perceived parental rejection T1 | 1,575 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.5 | 1,486 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.3 | 1,286 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.2 |
| Perceived parental rejection T1 — quadratic | 1,575 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 | 1,486 | 1.0 | 1.0–1.0 | 1,286 | 1.0 | 1.0–1.1 |
| Perceived parental overprotection T1 | 1,575 | 1.4 | 1.1–1.8 | 1,485 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.4 | 1,285 | 1.2 | 1.1–1.4 |
| Perceived parental overprotection T1 — quadratic | 1,575 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.2 | 1,485 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.1 | 1,285 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 |
Note: If the 95% confidence interval for an OR includes 1, the results are not statistically significant. Bold: p < .05. Mean ages: T1 11.1 years, T4 19.1 years, T5 22.3 years, T6 25.7 years.
Abbreviation: EDDS, Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale.