Table 2.
Effector families mapped in genomes of G. rostochiensis lines Gr-line19 and Gr-line22
| Expression | Effector family | Functionality / similarity | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subventral esophageal glands | GH5a | Beta 1,4 endoglucanase | CWDE | [20] |
| GH30 | xylanase, glucosylceramidase, etc. | [21] | ||
| GH43 | candidate arabinanase | [16] | ||
| GH53 | candidate arabinogalactanase | [16] | ||
| PL3b | Pectate lyase | [22] | ||
| Hg-GLAND 10 | cellulose binding protein | [23, 24] | ||
| VAL | Venom allergen-like protein | Immune | [25] | |
| Dorsal esophageal gland | SPRYSEC | Suppression and activation of plant innate immunity | Immune | [26] |
| GSS | glutathione synthetase-like effectors involved in redox regulation | Feeding site | [27] | |
| CLE | CLAVATA3/ESR-related peptides, mimic plant CLEs | Feeding site | [28] | |
| 1106 | PTI and ETI suppressor | Immune | [29] | |
| Hg16B09 | Suppression plant innate immunity | [30] | ||
| Hg-GLAND1 | ETI suppressor | [24] [31] | ||
| Hg-GLAND5 | PTI suppressor | [24] [31] | ||
|
Hg-GLAND6 (4D06) |
PTI suppressor | [24] [31] | ||
| Hg-GLAND 12 | Pioneer (function unknown) | Feeding site | [24] | |
| Hg-GLAND 13 | Invertase (Rhizobium) | [24] | ||
| Hg-GLAND 14 | Endopeptidase (Ascaris suum) | [24] | ||
| Amphids | HYP | hyper-variable extracellular effector (function unknown) | ? | [32] |
aGH Glycoside Hydrolases; bPL Polysaccharide Lyases, Family numbering according to CAZy (http://www.cazy.org),
‘Expression’ (left column) refers to nematode organs in which at least one effector family member was shown to be expressed. Subventral esophageal glands of potato cyst nematode are mainly active during migration to the host plant, and host plant penetration. The dorsal esophageal gland shows highest activity during feeding site induction and maintenance. Amphids are chemosensory organs located at the head region of the nematode. For effector families in bold, diversification and physical distribution are investigated in detail. CWDE: cell wall-degrading enzymes, Immune: effector families for which at least one member is known to affect the plant innate immune system, Feeding site: effector families for which at least one member is known to be involved in feeding site induction or maintenance