Figure 5.

Maternal behavior displayed by female rats exposed to a mixture of EDC throughout four generations. (A–D, left) Time spent by dams displaying licking and grooming behavior toward pups after direct (F0 generation, $n=15/\text{group}$), in utero, and through lactation (F1 generation, $n=10-11/\text{group}$, obtained from 5 different litters per group), germ-cell (F2 generation, $n=11/\text{group}$ obtained from 5 different litters per group) or ancestral (F3 generation, $n=11/\text{group}$, obtained from 5 different litters per group) exposure to an EDC mixture or vehicle from P2 to 8. Bar graphs show pooled time spent licking and grooming from P2–8. (A–D, right). Time spent by dams resting alone outside the nest not being involved in maternal care in F0–F3 females. Bar graphs show pooled time spent resting alone from P2–8. Plotted lines represent average $\text{time}\pm \text{SEM}$ (*$p<0.05$ vs. CTL, two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons test). Summary data are reported in Table S3. Note: ANOVA, analysis of variance; CTL, control; EDC, endocrine-disrupting chemical; SEM, standard error of the mean.