Table 1.

Literature summary showing effects of the 13 compounds used in the EDC mixture on reproductive outcomes and the hypothalamic control of reproduction.

	F1 (In utero or early postnatal exposure)
	Pubertal timing	Fertility, EC, and Folloculogenesis	Hypothalamic effects
			GnRH	Kisspeptin	Estrogen receptor	OXT	TH
Di-n-butyl phthalate	Hu et al. 2013; Venturelli et al. 2019; Salazar et al. 2004	Salazar et al. 2004; Liu and Craig 2019	Xia et al. 2020	ARC Hu et al. 2013	—	—	—
Di(2-ethylexyl) phthalate	Shao et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2018; Ma et al. 2006; Yu et al. 2020	Nolwenn et al. 2021; Yu et al. 2020; Li et al. 2020; Brehm et al. 2018; Niermann et al. 2015; Hannon et al. 2014; Xu et al. 2010; Takai et al. 2009; Ma et al. 2006	Shao et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2018	Yu et al. 2020;Liu et al. 2018	—	—	—
Bisphenol A	Franssen et al. 2016; Honma et al. 2002; Nikaido et al. 2004; Adewale et al. 2009; Fernandez et al. 2009; Losa-Ward et al. 2012; Nah et al. 2011; Naulé et al. 2014	López-Rodríguez et al. 2019; Wei et al. 2020; Nikaido et al. 2004, 2005; Mendoza-Rodríguez et al. 2011; Lee et al. 2013; Monje et al. 2010; Mahalingam et al. 2017; Patel et al. 2017; Cabaton et al. 2011; Santamaría et al. 2016; Moore-Ambriz et al. 2015; Veiga-Lopez et al. 2013; Rodríguez et al. 2010	Monje et al. 2010; Xi et al. 2011; Rasier et al. 2008; Kurian et al. 2015	AVPV Ruiz-Pino et al. 2019; Naulé et al. 2014; Losa et al. 2011; Cao et al. 2012; Adewale et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2014 ARC Ruiz-Pino et al. 2019; Losa et al. 2011; Losa-Ward et al. 2012	MBH-mPoA Wolstenholme et al. 2012; Arambula et al. 2016 mPoA Mahoney and Padmanabhan 2010; Monje et al. 2007 AVPV Monje et al. 2009; Cao et al. 2012; Rebuli et al. 2014 ARC Monje et al. 2010	Arambula et al. 2016; Witchey et al. 2019; Adewale et al. 2009	—
Vinclozolin	Schneider et al. 2011	Nilsson et al. 2012	—	—	—	—	Gillette et al. 2015
Procymidon	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Prochrloraz	Laier et al. 2006	—	—	—	—	—	—
Linuron		—	—	—	—	—	—
Epoxinaxole	de Castro and Maia 2012	—	—	—	—	—	—
4-Methyl-benzylidene camphor	Carou et al. 2009	Faass et al. 2009	—	—	mPoA and VMH Maerkel et al. 2007 VMH and mPoA Faass et al. 2009	—	—
Ocyl methoxycinnamate	—	Szwarcfarb et al. 2008	Carbone et al. 2010	—	—	—	—
p,p′-DDE	Yamasaki et al. 2009; Rasier et al. 2007	Rasier et al. 2007	Rasier et al. 2007	—	—	—	—
Butylparaben	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Acetaminophen	—	Dean et al. 2016; Johansson et al. 2016	—	—	—	—	—
Mixtures	Johansson et al. 2016a; Axelstad et al. 2014a; Hass et al. 2010	Manikkam et al. 2013; Isling et al. 2014a; Johansson et al. 2016a; Jacobsen et al. 2010	—	—	—	—	—

Note: —, no data available; ARC, arcuate nucleus; AVPV, anteroventral periventricular nucleus; EC, estrous cycle; EDC, endocrine-disrupting chemicals; GnRH, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone; MBH, mediobasal hypothalamus; mPoA, median preoptic area; OXT, oxytocin; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamus.

^aThese studies used the EDC mixture used in the present study.