Figure 11.

Methylene blue. a) Molecular structure of the oldest malaria drug methylene blue. b) P. falciparum glutathione reductase (here human, PDB ID: 1XAN^[176]) is one target of methylene blue. Interestingly, the shown structure is bound to a xanthene, which has a similar scaffold to methylene blue. c) Different developmental stages of P. falciparum‐infected RBCs are shown by a Hema 3™ stain, comparable to Wright‐Giemsa staining. Methylene blue as a mixture with eosin and Azure B is known as the Giemsa stain to visualize parasites in histology. Scale bar: 3 μm. Modified with permission from ref. [4]. Copyright: 2020, Wiley.