FIGURE 1.

Experimental design. (a) Timing of experiments, including traumatic brain injury (TBI) induction, sham and electrical stimulation (ES) operations, and analysis. (b) All animals received a controlled cortical impact (CCI) for the TBI. In 2 days post‐TBI, rats were randomly divided into three groups: untreated TBI (untreated control group), sham (TBI with an implanted electrode without ES), and ES (TBI with applied electrical stimulation through the implanted electrode) groups. (c) Schematic of contusion region induced by CCI system and the position of the inserted electrode on a rat skull. Screws used to anchor the dental cement or connect the electrical grounding. (d) Schematic of the coronal section of perilesional brain to show an inserted electrode and ES conditions