Table 1.

Overview of marine algae carbohydrates and organisms of marine origin containing characterized CAZymes. The different marine polysaccharides are listed with their monosaccharide composition, methylation‐ and sulfation‐patterns. Furthermore, their main chain linkages and the occurrence of the corresponding polysaccharides in marine habitats are summarized. Marine organisms with characterized CAZymes for the degradation of the corresponding polysaccharide are also listed.

	Sugar composition[a]	−CH3 [b]	−OSO3 −[b]	Marine occurrence	Major CAZyme[c]	Marine polysaccharide degrader[d]
Agar[e]	β‐1,4‐d‐Galactose α‐1,3‐3,6‐Anhydro‐l‐galactose α‐1,3‐d‐Galactose	+	+	Red algae	GH16, GH117, GH50, α‐Agarase EC. 3.2.1.158 β‐Agarase EC 3.2.1.81	Zobellia galactanivorans,[35]Saccharophagus degradans,[36]Alterococcus agarolyticus,[37]Flammeovirga sp. SJP92,[38]
Alginate	β‐1,4‐d‐Mannuronic acid α‐1,4‐l‐Guluronic acid	+	−	Brown algae	PL7 Mannuronate lyase EC 4.2.2.3 Guluronate lyase EC 4.2.2.11	Sphingomonas sp. MJ‐3,[39] Microbulbifer sp. ALW1,[40] Flavobacterium sp. UMI‐01[41]
Carrageenan	β‐1,4‐d‐Galactose α‐1,3‐3,6‐Anhydro‐d‐galactose	+	+	Red algae	GH16 Carrageenase EC 3.2.1.83	Pseudoalteromonas atlantica,[42]Zobellia galactanivorans,[43]Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora 9T,[44, 45, 46]
Cellulose	β‐1,4‐d‐Glucose β‐1,6‐d‐Glucose	−	−	Green and Brown algae	GH48, GH17, GH16, GH9 Endo‐glucanase EC 3.2.1.6 Exo‐glucanase EC 3.2.1.74	Glaciecola sp. 4H‐3‐7+YE‐5[47], Actinoalloteichus sp. MHA15[48], Exiquobacterium sp. Alg‐S5[49]
Fucoidan	α‐1,3‐l‐Fucose, α‐1,2‐l‐Fucose α‐1,2‐d‐Glucuronic acid	−	+	Brown algae	GH29, GH107, GH168 α‐l‐Fucosidase EC 3.2.1.51 α‐1,3–1,4‐l‐Fucosidase EC 3.2.1.111 Endo‐Fucoidanase EC 3.2.1.212	Luteolibacter algae H18,[50] Wenyingzhuangia fucanilytica,[51] Lamellidens corrianus,[52] Vibrio sp. EJY3[53]
Laminarin	β‐1,3‐d‐Glucose β‐1,6‐d‐Glucose	−	−	Brown algae and diatoms	GH5 β‐1,3‐Glucanase EC 3.2.1.6	Formosa agariphila GH17A,[54] Formosa sp. nov strain Hel1_33_131,[54] Pseudocardium sachalinensis,[54] Vibrio campbellii,[55]
Mannan	β‐1,4‐d‐Mannose α‐1,4‐d‐Mannose	−	−	Red and Green algae	GH5 β‐Mannanase EC 3.2.1.78	Streptomyces sp. Alg‐S25[56]
Pectin	α‐1,4‐d‐Galacturonic acid, α‐1,6‐d‐Galactose, β‐1,4‐d‐Xylose α‐1,5‐l‐Arabinose α‐1,2‐d‐Apiose α‐1,2‐l‐Rhamnose	+	−	Green algae and diatoms	PL1, PL2, PL3 Pectin lyase EC 4.2.2.10	Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS47,[57] Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis ANT/505[58]
Porphyran	β‐1,4‐d‐Galactose α‐1,3‐l‐Galactose	+	+	Red algae	GH16, GH86 β‐Porphyranase EC 3.2.1.178	Z. galactanivorans.[59]Bacteroides plebeius[60]
Ulvan	β‐1,4‐d‐Xylose α‐1,4‐l‐Iduronic acid, β‐1,4‐d‐Glucuronic acid, α‐1,4‐l‐Rhamnose	+	+	Green algae	PL24, PL25, PL28 Ulvan lyase EC 4.2.2.–	Formosa agariphila[61, 62]
Xylan	β‐1,4‐d‐Xylose[f] β‐1,3‐d‐Xylose[f]	+	+	Red and Green algae	GH10, GH11, GH30 Endo‐1,4‐β Xylanase EC 3.2.1.8	Paraglaciecola mesophile KMM241,[63] Vibrio sp. XY‐214,[64] Alcaligenes sp. XY‐234,[65] Glaciecola sp. 4H‐3‐7+YE‐5,[47] Psychrobacter sp. Strain 2–7,[66]

[a] The most prominent monosaccharides are listed. [b] Methylation (−CH₃) or sulfatation (−OSO₃ ⁻) patterns of the polysaccharides are indicated. The potential occurrence of these monosaccharide decorations is marked with + or in their absence with −. [c] CAZyme families only represent the enzyme for initial depolymerisation of the polysaccharide. [d] Characterized CAZymes from marine organism refer mostly to examples published between 2016–2020.^[11] [e] Agar is composed of agarose and agaropectin. [f] Red algae xylan consists of mixed linked type β‐1,4‐d‐Xylose and β‐1,3‐d‐Xylose while green algae xylan contains mostly β‐1,3‐d‐Xylose.^[67]