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. 2021 Aug 12;15(8):e0009651. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009651

Table 1. Study characteristics of the included papers.

First Author, Year Study design Country Setting Sample Size (Response Rate)
Quantitative Study Design
Libardo Gomez, 2018 [24] Observational; by interview with cross-sectional study Colombia Community 249
Peter G Nicholls, 2005 [25] Cross-sectional with structured interviews India Community 356
Peter G Nicholls, 2003 [26] Observational; by patient cohort Bangladesh, India Hospital 2664
A Samraj, 2012 [20] Observational; descriptive cross-sectional with interview India Hospital 86
Mary Henry, 2016 [27] Observational; explorative study with a quantitative questionnaire (cross-sectional) Brazil Clinic 122
Natasja van Veen, 2007 [14] Observational; long-term prospective cohort study Bangladesh, Ethiopia Clinic, Community Total: 3250 (1594; 49%) Ethiopia: 586 (517; 88.2%) and Bangladesh: 2664 (1077; 40.4%)
Furen Zhang, 2009 [28] Observational; by interview (cross-sectional) China Community 88
XS Chen, 2000 [29] Cross-sectional design with patients’ records China National 27,928
Linda M Robertson, 2000] [30] Cross-sectional with a structured questionnaire Nepal Hospital 166
DNJ Lockwood, 2001 [31] Cross-sectional design with case-note review UK Hospital 28
Patricia D. Deps, 2006 [15] Cross-sectional; descriptive with interviews Brazil Community 506 (450; 88.9%)
Cacilda Da Silva Souza, 2003 [16] Cross-sectional with semi-structured interviews Brazil Hospital, Clinic 40
Tigist Shumet, 2015 [17] Observational; cross-sectional retrospective record review Ethiopia Hospital 513
Govindarijulu Srinivas, 2019 [13] Observational; case-control study with interview India Community 280
Jin Lan Li, 2016 [18] Observational; by patients’ records (cross-sectional) China Community 1274
Mahdis Ghavidel,2018[19] Observational; cross-sectional study Iran Clinic 42
Marcos Tu´lio Raposo,2018[21] Observational; cross-sectional study Brazil Community 249 (222; 89.2%)
Sabeena J,2020 [22] Observational; retrospective India Hospital 403
Tongsheng Chu, 2020[23] Observational; retrospective China Community 232
Qualitative Study Design
Peter G Nicholls, 2003 [38] Participatory method with semi-structured interviews, focus groups, observation, and free listing Paraguay Hospital 36
Carmen Osorio-Mejia,2020[39] Qualitative method with semi-structured interviews Peru Clinic 30
Mix Method Design
Thirumugam Muthuvel, 2017 [32] Quantitative component with a matched case-control design with interviews, followed by a descriptive qualitative component India Community 210
Sonia F. Raffe, 2013 [34] Quantitative component with a cross-sectional approach. Qualitative data were collected from semi-structured interviews with patients, case-notes review, and brief clinical examinations Nepal Hospital 78 (75; 96.2%)
Ulla Britt Engelbrektsson,2019 [35] Quantitative and qualitative method with interview and review of patient’s documents Nepal Hospital 81
Sachin Ramchandra Atre, 2011 [33] Cross-sectional descriptive and qualitative design with semi-structured interviews India Community 58
Cavalcante MDMA, 2020[36] The quantitative data on the notified cases were provided by the program’s municipal coordinator, and the qualitative data were obtained by semi-structured script Brazil Clinic 19
Myo Ko Ko Zaw, 2020[37] The quantitative analysis used an ecological study design, and the qualitative data were collected by interview Myanmar Clinic, Region Aggregate Data 42