Table 2. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) obtained from multivariable generalized estimating equations models evaluating the association of CS with type of facility adjusting for known risk factors.
| Type of Delivery | Unadjusted Model | p | Adjusted Modela | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaginal Delivery | Cesarean Section | |||||
| n(Row %) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | ||||
| Type of Facility | ||||||
| Public (REF) | 18920 (66) | 9704 (34) | <0.001 | <0.01 | ||
| Private | 5667 (56) | 4372 (44) | 1.50 (1.20, 1.89) | 1.40 (1.14, 1.72) | ||
| Maternal Age (years)b | ||||||
| <20 (REF) | 633 (71) | 257 (29) | ||||
| 20–24 | 16505 (66) | 8563 (34) | ||||
| 25–29 | 6450 (60) | 4336 (40) | ||||
| 30+ | 999 (52) | 920 (48) | ||||
| Parityb | ||||||
| ≥1 (REF) | 10652 (64) | 6099 (36) | ||||
| 0 | 13935 (64) | 7977 (36) | ||||
| Maternal age (years), Parity | ||||||
| <20, ≥1 (REF) | 14 (74) | 5 (26) | < .0001 | < .0001 | ||
| <20, 0 (REF) | 619 (71) | 252 (29) | ||||
| 20–24, ≥1 (REF) | 4972 (66) | 2512 (34) | ||||
| 20–24, 0 | 11533 (66) | 6051 (34) | 1.47 (0.52, 4.12) | 1.25 (0.46, 3.38) | ||
| 25–29, ≥1 (REF) | 4864 (62) | 2944 (38) | ||||
| 25–29, 0 | 1586 (53) | 1392 (47) | 2.46 (0.92, 6.53) | 1.91 (0.74, 4.90) | ||
| 30+, ≥1 (REF) | 802 (56) | 638 (44) | ||||
| 30+, 0 | 197 (41) | 282 (59) | 4.01 (1.47, 10.93) | 3.24 (1.25, 8.41) | ||
| Education (years) | ||||||
| None (REF) | 618 (72) | 244 (28) | < .0001 | < .0001 | ||
| 1–6 | 2629 (71) | 1087 (29) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.23) | 1.28 (1.07, 1.54) | ||
| 7–12 | 17072 (64) | 9621 (36) | 1.43 (1.23, 1.66) | 1.50 (1.30, 1.72) | ||
| >12 | 4268 (58) | 3124 (42) | 1.85 (1.59, 2.17) | 1.89 (1.66, 2.15) | ||
| Gestational Age | ||||||
| Full term (REF) | 22236 (63) | 12978 (37) | < .0001 | <0.001 | ||
| Preterm | 2351 (68) | 1098 (32) | 0.80 (0.74, 0.86) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.91) | ||
| Birth weight | ||||||
| Normal (REF) | 14831 (62) | 9045 (38) | < .0001 | <0.01 | ||
| Low | 9756 (66) | 5031 (34) | 0.85 (0.81, 0.88) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.96) | ||
| Anemia | ||||||
| Yes (REF) | 22344 (64) | 12433 (36) | < .0001 | <0.01 | ||
| No | 2243 (58) | 1643 (42) | 1.32 (1.23, 1.41) | 1.15 (1.05, 1.26) | ||
| Year of Delivery | ||||||
| 2010 (REF) | 3196 (72) | 1253 (28) | < .0001 | < .0001 | ||
| 2011 | 3236 (70) | 1388 (30) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.20) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | ||
| 2012 | 2980 (67) | 1454 (33) | 1.24 (1.14, 1.36) | 1.22 (1.08, 1.38) | ||
| 2013 | 3300 (66) | 1706 (34) | 1.32 (1.21, 1.44) | 1.28 (1.13, 1.44) | ||
| 2014 | 2963 (63) | 1727 (37) | 1.49 (1.36, 1.62) | 1.46 (1.29, 1.64) | ||
| 2015 | 3047 (58) | 2198 (42) | 1.84 (1.69, 2.00) | 1.76 (1.58, 1.95) | ||
| 2016 | 2972 (57) | 2257 (43) | 1.94 (1.78, 2.11) | 1.81 (1.60, 2.05) | ||
| 2017 | 2893 (58) | 2093 (42) | 1.85 (1.69, 2.01) | 1.71 (1.49, 1.97) | ||
| Year of Delivery Trend Testc | 1.11 (1.09, 1.13) | < .0001 | 1.09 (1.08, 1.11) | < .0001 | ||
a Includes maternal age, parity, interaction of maternal age and parity, maternal education, gestational age, birth weight, anemia and year of delivery.
b ORs and 95% CI not represented as these variables are part of the interaction term.
c Estimated in a separate model with year of delivery included as a continuous variable.