Table 1. Sleep/wake behavior as a function of time period.
| Time period | Outcomes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Baseline (M±SD) | Physical distancing (M±SD) | Difference (PD-BL; M±SEM) | Effect size (95% CL) |
| Sleep opportunity duration (h) | ||||
| 2019 | 7.70 ± 0.21 | 7.64 ± 0.19 | -0.05 ± 0.003** | -0.30 (-0.34, -0.30) |
| 2020 | 7.65 ± 0.20 | 7.89 ± 0.18 | 0.24 ± 0.003** | 1.26 (1.22, 1.30) |
| 18–25 year-olds | 7.83 ± 0.16 | 8.14 ± 0.16 | 0.31 ± 0.009** | 1.94 (1.77, 2.10) |
| 25–40 year-olds | 7.66 ± 0.19 | 7.93 ± 0.19 | 0.27 ± 0.004** | 1.42 (1.36, 1.48) |
| 40–55 year-olds | 7.56 ± 0.25 | 7.78 ± 0.21 | 0.21 ± 0.005** | 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) |
| 55–80 year-olds | 7.75 ± 0.19 | 7.90 ± 0.17 | 0.15 ± 0.007* | 0.83 (0.72, 0.94) |
| Females | 7.80 ± 0.20 | 8.07 ± 0.18 | 0.27 ± 0.005** | 1.42 (1.35, 1.49) |
| Males | 7.59 ± 0.20 | 7.81 ± 0.19 | 0.22 ± 0.003** | 1.13 (1.08, 1.17) |
| Sleep onset time (hh:mm) | ||||
| 2019 | 22:59 ± 0:20 | 22:58 ± 00:15 | -00:01 ± 00:01 | -0.03 (-0.07, 0.00) |
| 2020 | 22:58 ± 0:19 | 23:13 ± 00:10 | 00:15 ± 00:01** | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) |
| 18–25 year-olds | 23:31 ± 0:24 | 23:58 ± 00:13 | 00:26 ± 00:03** | 1.58 (1.42, 1.74) |
| 25–40 year-olds | 23:04 ± 0:23 | 23:21 ± 00:13 | 00:16 ± 00:01** | 1.13 (1.07, 1.18) |
| 40–55 year-olds | 22:49 ± 0:17 | 23:04 ± 00:09 | 00:14 ± 00:01** | 3.47 (3.39, 3.55) |
| 55–80 year-olds | 22:37 ± 0:13 | 22:47 ± 00:07 | 00:09 ± 00:01** | 3.18 (3.05, 3.31) |
| Females | 22:46 ± 0:19 | 23:04 ± 00:10 | 00:18 ± 00:01** | 3.10 (3.01, 3.18) |
| Males | 23:03 ± 0:19 | 23:17 ± 00:10 | 00:14 ± 00:01** | 1.10 (1.05, 1.14) |
| Sleep offset time (hh:mm) | ||||
| 2019 | 06:43 ± 0:30 | 06:40 ± 00:27 | -00:03 ± 00:01 | -0.11 (-0.14, -0.07) |
| 2020 | 06:40 ± 0:29 | 07:09 ± 00:21 | 00:29 ± 00:01** | 1.15 (1.11, 1.18) |
| 18–25 year-olds | 07:24 ± 0:28 | 08:09 ± 00:19 | 00:45 ± 00:04** | 1.88 (1.71, 2.05) |
| 25–40 year-olds | 06:48 ± 0:31 | 07:20 ± 00:23 | 00:32 ± 00:01** | 1.17 (1.12, 1.23) |
| 40–55 year-olds | 06:26 ± 0:30 | 06:54 ± 00:21 | 00:27 ± 00:02** | 1.08 (1.02, 1.15) |
| 55–80 year-olds | 06:25 ± 0:21 | 06:44 ± 00:15 | 00:18 ± 00:02** | 1.04 (0.93, 1.15) |
| Females | 06:37 ± 0:28 | 07:11 ± 00:21 | 00:34 ± 00:02** | 1.37 (1.30, 1.45) |
| Males | 06:41 ± 0:30 | 07:09 ± 00:21 | 00:27 ± 00:01** | 1.08 (1.04, 1.13) |
Notes: BL = baseline; PD = physical distancing; SEM = standard error of the mean
* = p-value <0.05
** = p-value <0.001.