Table 5. Cardiovascular outcomes as a function of time period.

	Time period		Outcomes
Variable	Baseline (M±SD)	Physical distancing (M±SD)	Difference (PD-BL; M±SEM)	Effect size (95% CL)
Resting heart rate (bpm)
2019	55.15 ± 0.8	54.64 ± 0.76	-0.51 ± 0.011**	-0.65 (-0.69, -0.62)
2020	55.09 ± 0.81	54.2 ± 0.55	-0.90 ± 0.009**	-1.29 (-1.32, -1.25)
18–25 year-olds	53.82 ± 1.06	52.98 ± 0.58	-0.84 ± 0.048**	-0.98 (-1.14, -0.82)
25–40 year-olds	54.26 ± 0.97	53.31 ± 0.61	-0.95 ± 0.016**	-1.17 (-1.23, -1.12)
40–55 year-olds	56.11 ± 0.68	55.24 ± 0.53	-0.87 ± 0.014**	-1.43 (-1.49, -1.36)
55–80 year-olds	56.21 ± 0.52	55.35 ± 0.47	-0.86 ± 0.020**	-1.74 (-1.85, -1.62)
Females	56.74 ± 0.77	55.89 ± 0.52	-0.84 ± 0.017**	-1.29 (-1.37, -1.22)
Males	54.43 ± 0.85	53.5 ± 0.58	-0.93 ± 0.012**	-1.28 (-1.32, -1.23)
Heart rate variability (ms)
2019	61.31 ± 2.04	64.28 ± 4.2	2.97 ± 0.045**	0.90 (0.86, 0.94)
2020	65.85 ± 2.28	66.82 ± 1.4	0.98 ± 0.026**	0.51 (0.47, 0.55)
18–25 year-olds	93.77 ± 4.25	93.87 ± 2.35	0.09 ± 0.193	0.03 (-0.13, 0.19)
25–40 year-olds	74.26 ± 2.77	75.58 ± 1.69	1.32 ± 0.045**	0.58 (0.52, 0.63)
40–55 year-olds	54.15 ± 1.52	55.11 ± 1.12	0.96 ± 0.031**	0.72 (0.65, 0.78)
55–80 year-olds	50.99 ± 1.56	51.98 ± 1.15	0.99 ± 0.054**	0.72 (0.61, 0.83)
Females	67.35 ± 2.2	68.4 ± 1.48	1.05 ± 0.048**	0.56 (0.49, 0.63)
Males	65.24 ± 2.34	66.18 ± 1.44	0.94 ± 0.031**	0.48 (0.44, 0.53)

Notes: BL = baseline; PD = physical distancing; bpm = beats per minute; ms = milliseconds

* = p-value <0.05

** = p-value <0.001.