TABLE 2.

Gene and noncoding RNA abnormalities associated with PNI in PDAC

Gene	Sample sources	Testing method(s)	Expression	Association with PNI	P value	Reference(s)
AFAP1‐AS1	Tissues from 90 patients	RT‐PCR	Upregulated	Positive	0.006	[97]
ARHGDIB	PANC1, COLO357, and T3M4 cells	51K human cDNA chips	Upregulated	Positive	NA	[88]
KIF14	PANC1, COLO357, and T3M4 cells	51K human cDNA chips	Downregulated	Negative	0.05	[88]
MIR429	Tissues from 22 PDAC patients, 11 healthy controls	RT‐PCR	Downregulated	Negative	NA	[139]
RHOC	Tissues from 33 patients	RT‐PCR	Upregulated	Positive	NA	[95]
TMEM238L	Tissues from 22 PDAC patients, 11 healthy controls	RT‐PCR	Upregulated	Positive	0.003	[139]

AFAP1‐AS1, AFAP1 antisense RNA 1; ARHGDIB, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor beta; KIF14, kinesin family member 14; MIR429, microRNA 429; RHOC, Ras homolog family member C; RT‐PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; TMEM238L, transmembrane protein 238 like; NA, not available.