Table 2.
Comparison of the echocardiographic parameters of patients and controls
| ECHO parameters | COVID-19 group (n = 70) | Healthy Controls (n = 70) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| LV-GLS (absolute value, %) | 19.17 ± 2.65 | 20.07 ± 2.19 | 0.030a |
| LV-EF (%) | 64.89 ± 3.99 | 64.34 ± 3.13 | 0.328a |
| LV-EDD (mm) | 44.71 ± 4.56 | 44.63 ± 3.98 | 0.906a |
| LV-ESD (mm) | 27.86 ± 4.04 | 27.16 ± 3.65 | 0.285a |
| LV-EDV (mL) | 92.45 ± 21.66 | 91.71 ± 19.54 | 0.833a |
| LV-ESV (mL)# | 27.02 (11–62) | 27.01 (13–58) | 0.362b |
| LV-EDV index (mm/m2) | 24.17 ± 2.66 | 24.30 ± 2.80 | 0.779a |
| LV-ESV index(mm/m2) | 15.05 ± 2.20 | 14.77 ± 2.16 | 0.441a |
| FS (%) | 37.83 ± 4.83 | 39.27 ± 4.69 | 0.076a |
| IVS (mm)# | 10 (7–12) | 9 (6–12) | 0.066b |
| PW (mm)# | 9 (7–12) | 9 (6–12) | 0.189b |
| LA (mm) | 32.44 ± 4.5 | 32.89 ± 4.29 | 0.553a |
| E (cm/s) | 78.47 ± 19.48 | 73.92 ± 18.95 | 0.164a |
| A (cm/s) | 69.50 ± 15.53 | 62.48 ± 14.77 | 0.007a |
| E’ (cm/s) | 13.22 ± 3.80 | 12.47 ± 3.97 | 0.256a |
| A′ (cm/s) | 11.54 ± 3.69 | 10.18 ± 3.32 | 0.024a |
| E/E’ ratio (average) | 6.22 ± 1.65 | 6.29 ± 1.84 | 0.825a |
| Diastolic Function, n (%) | 0.269c | ||
| Normal | 37 (52.9) | 44(62.9) | |
| Grade 1 DD | 20 (28.6) | 18 (25.7) | |
| Grade 2 DD | 10 (14.3) | 8 (11.4) | |
| Grade 3 DD | 3 (4.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Grade 4 DD | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Mitral Regurgitation, n (%) | 0.791c | ||
| None | 63(90) | 61(87.1) | |
| Mild | 7 (10) | 9 (12.9) | |
| Moderate | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Severe | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Aortic velocity (cm/s) | 135.39 ± 21.86 | 134.14 ± 15.70 | 0.700a |
| RA#(mm) | 32 (24–42) | 30 (23–39) | 0.600b |
| RV (mm) | 27.59 ± 3.52 | 26.75 ± 3.65 | 0.171a |
| TAPSE (mm) | 25.77 ± 3.80 | 24.84 ± 3.42 | 0.135a |
| S’ (cm/s) | 13.88 ± 2.33 | 12.85 ± 2.46 | 0.013a |
A Peak late mitral filling velocity, A’ Late diastolic myocardial velocity, DD Diastolic dysfunction, E Peak early mitral filling velocity, E’ Early diastolic myocardial velocity, FS Fractional shortening, IQR Interquartile range, IVS Interventricular septum, LA Left atrium, LV-EDD Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LV-EDV Left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LV-EF Left ventricular ejection fraction, LV-ESD Left ventricular end-systolic diameter, LV-ESV Left ventricular end-systolic volume, LV-GLS Left ventricular global longitudinal strain, PW Posterior wall, RA Right atrium, RV Right ventricle, S’ Tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity, TAPSE Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion
aIndependent t test, bMann–Whitney U test, cChi-square test, #Data are expressed as median (IQR) for continuous variables