Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical parameters among participants by selenium quartiles.
| Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 929 | 246 | 231 | 223 | 229 | |
| Age, years | 63.10 ± 12.59 | 62.33 ± 12.56 | 63.96 ± 13.09 | 62.37 ± 12.08 | 63.79 ± 12.58 | 0.331 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.79 ± 5.79 | 30.19 ± 6.67 | 30.17 ± 5.78 | 29.35 ± 5.00 | 29.43 ± 5.46 | 0.221 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 127.56 ± 17.66 | 127.22 ± 18.78 | 126.08 ± 16.99 | 128.42 ± 18.60 | 128.60 ± 16.06 | 0.386 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 70.60 ± 16.37 | 69.91 ± 17.87 | 68.82 ± 16.95 | 72.30 ± 15.45 | 71.49 ± 14.78 | 0.099 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 203.18 ± 43.45 | 198.33 ± 49.27 | 197.28 ± 41.55 | 207.07 ± 38.65 | 210.58 ± 41.78 | 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 52.69 ± 15.50 | 54.20 ± 16.20 | 51.45 ± 15.55 | 52.50 ± 14.91 | 52.50 ± 15.20 | 0.275 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 0.77 ± 1.71 | 1.11 ± 2.55 | 0.70 ± 1.19 | 0.67 ± 1.33 | 0.58 ± 1.24 | 0.003 |
| Alcohol consumption, gm | 8.65 ± 27.02 | 8.51 ± 28.82 | 8.43 ± 29.72 | 9.76 ± 25.98 | 7.94 ± 23.00 | 0.910 |
| Selenium, μg/L | 136.78 ± 20.32 | 115.49 ± 7.40 | 129.96 ± 3.09 | 140.72 ± 3.46 | 162.68 ± 19.39 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mg/min/1.73 m2 | 72.34 ± 20.40 | 73.20 ± 20.46 | 72.73 ± 21.53 | 71.94 ± 19.26 | 71.39 ± 20.30 | 0.779 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.015 | |||||
| Male | 488 (52.53) | 108 (43.90) | 125 (54.11) | 124 (55.61) | 131 (57.21) | |
| Female | 441 (47.47) | 138 (56.10) | 106 (45.89) | 99 (44.39) | 98 (42.79) | |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.582 | |||||
| Less than high school | 306 (32.97) | 84 (34.29) | 80 (34.63) | 75 (33.63) | 67 (29.26) | |
| High school or above | 622 (67.03) | 161 (65.71) | 151 (65.37) | 148 (66.37) | 162 (70.74) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.175 | |||||
| Married | 380 (40.95) | 115 (46.75) | 91 (39.39) | 83 (37.39) | 91 (39.74) | |
| Other | 548 (59.05) | 131 (53.25) | 140 (60.61) | 139 (62.61) | 138 (60.26) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.616 | |||||
| No | 394 (42.41) | 97 (39.43) | 96 (41.56) | 98 (43.95) | 103 (44.98) | |
| Yes | 535 (57.59) | 149 (60.57) | 135 (58.44) | 125 (56.05) | 126 (55.02) | |
| Race, n (%) | 0.052 | |||||
| White | 541 (58.23) | 145 (58.94) | 120 (51.95) | 128 (57.40) | 148 (64.63) | |
| Other races | 388 (41.77) | 101 (41.06) | 111 (48.05) | 95 (42.60) | 81 (35.37) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 0.007 | |||||
| No | 673 (72.44) | 196 (79.67) | 166 (71.86) | 161 (72.20) | 150 (65.50) | |
| Yes | 256 (27.56) | 50 (20.33) | 65 (28.14) | 62 (27.80) | 79 (34.50) | |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 0.109 | |||||
| No | 811 (88.25) | 208 (85.60) | 193 (85.78) | 202 (90.99) | 208 (90.83) | |
| Yes | 108 (11.75) | 35 (14.40) | 32 (14.22) | 20 (9.01) | 21 (9.17) | |
| Cancer, n (%) | 0.711 | |||||
| No | 791 (85.51) | 210 (86.42) | 197 (85.28) | 185 (83.33) | 199 (86.90) | |
| Yes | 134 (14.49) | 33 (13.58) | 34 (14.72) | 37 (16.67) | 30 (13.10) | |
| Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 0.143 | |||||
| No | 309 (33.26) | 92 (37.40) | 64 (27.71) | 73 (32.74) | 80 (34.93) | |
| Yes | 620 (66.74) | 154 (62.60) | 167 (72.29) | 150 (67.26) | 149 (65.07) | |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | 0.821 | |||||
| No | 679 (73.09) | 183 (74.39) | 167 (72.29) | 166 (74.44) | 163 (71.18) | |
| Yes | 250 (26.91) | 63 (25.61) | 64 (27.71) | 57 (25.56) | 66 (28.82) | |
| Hypoglycemic agents, n (%) | 0.005 | |||||
| No | 777 (83.64) | 219 (89.02) | 194 (83.98) | 188 (84.30) | 176 (76.86) | |
| Yes | 152 (16.36) | 27 (10.98) | 37 (16.02) | 35 (15.70) | 53 (23.14) | |
| Antiplatelet drugs, n (%) | 0.645 | |||||
| No | 893 (96.12) | 238 (96.75) | 219 (94.81) | 216 (96.86) | 220 (96.07) | |
| Yes | 36 (3.88) | 8 (3.25) | 12 (5.19) | 7 (3.14) | 9 (3.93) | |
| Cardiovascular disease mortality, n (%) | 0.034 | |||||
| No | 873 (93.97) | 227 (92.28) | 221 (95.67) | 216 (96.86) | 209 (91.27) | |
| Yes | 56 (6.03) | 19 (7.72) | 10 (4.33) | 7 (3.14) | 20 (8.73) | |
| All-cause mortality, n (%) | 0.019 | |||||
| No | 622 (66.95) | 152 (61.79) | 149 (64.50) | 167 (74.89) | 154 (67.25) | |
| Yes | 307 (33.05) | 94 (38.21) | 82 (35.50) | 56 (25.11) | 75 (32.75) |
N, number; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Values are mean ± standard deviation or n (%).
P-value by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test for continuous data and chi-square test for categorical variables among selenium quartiles.