Fig. 5.

(a) SEM images of Campylobacter jejuni cells treated with 0.5 mg/mL of zinc oxide nanoparticles for 12 h under microaerobic conditions. (b) untreated cells as a control. (c, d) Antibacterial activities of ZnO nanoparticles against C. jejuni. Freshly grown bacterial cultures (108–109 CFU/mL) were treated with a range of concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles. Culturable cell numbers were determined at the time intervals after treatment shown on the figure. The values for CFU/mL are the means of 12 replicates. Error bars indicate standard deviations of the means.

Adapted from Ref. [63] with permission from the American Society for Microbiology.