Table 5.

Kinetic data for adsorption of Cu²⁺ onto nZVI at different initial concentrations.

Kinetics model parameters	Initial Cu2+concentration
	Evaluated parameters	10 ppm	50 ppm	100 ppm	150 ppm	200 ppm
PFO
	qe,exp (mg g−1)	4.9859	24.1981	43.8152	61.684	81.77
	qe, cal (mg g−1)	0.01109	2.1311	2.3147	3.1261	1.5816
	k1 (min−1)	− 0.0161	8.065 × 10−3	− 9.212 × 10−4	4.375 × 10−3	1.152 × 10−2
	h1 (mg g−1 min−1)	1.785 × 10−4	1.717 × 10−2	2.22 × 10−3	1.367 × 10−2	1.822 × 10−2
	R2	0.1029	0.5549	0.0147	0.7275	0.2127
PSO
	qe, exp (mg g−1)	4.9859	24.1981	43.8152	61.684	81.77
	qe, cal (mg g−1)	5.005	24.6305	42.5532	61.728	83.333
	k2 (g mg−1 min−1)	1.3441	0.02813	3.7301	3.8572	2
	h2 (mg g−1 min−1)	33.67	17.0648	158.73	238.095	166.667
	R2	1	0.9999	0.9999	1	0.9999
Elovich
	qe, exp (mg g−1)	4.9859	24.1981	43.8152	61.684	81.77
	qe, cal (mg g−1)	4.9889	23.6859	42.7181	61.4962	82.3027
	α (g min2 mg−1)	6.449 × 10+145	1.289 × 10+6	− 4.39 × 10−283	1.3162 × 10+44	7.4216 × 10+31
	β (g min mg−1)	68.9655	0.755	− 15.0602	1.7274	0.9406
	R2	0.9397	0.9336	0.0078	0.9357	0.7967
Avrami
	qe, exp (mg g−1)	4.9859	24.1981	43.8152	61.684	81.77
	qe, cal (mg g−1)	4.873	17.5472	41.307	60.1006	78.3886
	nav	− 0.3116	− 0.3962	− 0.0086	0.068	− 0.2113
	Kav	2.3201	8.74 × 10−3	1.4047	6.977 × 10+5	6.9246
	R2	0.1457	0.5795	0.0065	0.9414	0.0852
Fractional power
	qe, exp (mg g−1)	4.9859	24.1981	43.8152	61.684	81.77
	qe, cal (mg g−1)	4.9906	23.6629	42.7202	61.5025	82.2843
	v (min−1)	2.9 × 10−3	5.83 × 10−2	− 1.5 × 10−3	9.5 × 10−3	1.3 × 10−2
	k3 (mg g−1)	4.9295	18.638	42.9833	59.1561	78.0189
	k3v (mg g−1 min−1)	1.429 × 10−2	1.0866	6.447 × 10−2	5.619 × 10−1	1.0142
	R2	0.94	0.9311	0.0078	0.9352	0.7967