Table 9.

Differential effects of COVID in April 2020 on being employed and at work and hours worked, by worker type in February (DDD model)

Worker types	All (1)	Restricted sample (2)
Panel A. Employed and at work
COVID (reference group = unincorporated SE)	− 0.23** (0.02)	− 0.21** (0.02)
COVID × incorporated SE	0.09** (0.02)	0.05 (0.03)
COVID × employee	0.07** (0.02)	0.05* (0.02)
Panel B. Hours worked
COVID (reference group = unincorporated SE)	− 11.01** (0.69)	− 10.78** (1.12)
COVID × incorporated SE	1.80 (1.08)	− 0.67 (1.77)
COVID × employee	3.72** (0.70)	3.65** (1.14)
Observations	95,684	31,328

Notes: All workers were employed and at work in February. Column 1 includes those who were observed in February and Aprilof at least 1 year. Column 2 includes those who were observed in all 4 months in order to further minimize concerns that the parallel trends assumption may be violated because of differences in the sample’s composition (note: February means are similar, see Appendix Table 15). Standard errors in parentheses are clustered by household. See Table 1 for control variables; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01

Source: Authors’ calculations based on the Current Population Survey, February and April 2019–2020