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. 2021 Aug 13;18:166. doi: 10.1186/s12985-021-01633-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Speculated animal origins of known human coronaviruses. HCoV species are organized chronologically (top to bottom) by their speculated dates of spill over into humans. Intermediate hosts (top to bottom) shown are alpacas, cattle, civet cats, dromedary camels, pangolins, and unknown (denoted as a question mark). Genome similarity to humans (A) indicates percentage similarity of CoV genomes detected in reservoir species with corresponding human CoV. Genome similarity to humans (B) indicates percentage similarity of CoV genomes detected in intermediate species with corresponding human CoV. Non-human CoVs that are highly pathogenic in animals, such as PEDV and SADS-CoV, are not shown here. Genomic percentage similarities were extracted from existing primary studies [20, 21, 32, 56, 60, 277–283]