Table 6.

Effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on intestinal mRNA expression of TLR4/NOD/NF-κB signaling pathway in weaned piglets with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).

Item	Treatment1			P-value
	NBW-CON	IUGR-CON	IUGR-DHA	NBW-CON vs. IUGR-CON	IUGR-CON vs. IUGR-DHA
Jejunum
TLR4	1.00 ± 0.05	1.41 ± 0.06∗	0.64 ± 0.04#	<0.001	<0.001
MyD88	1.00 ± 0.04	1.36 ± 0.05∗	1.20 ± 0.05	<0.001	0.076
IRAK1	1.00 ± 0.12	2.08 ± 0.08∗	0.44 ± 0.07#	<0.001	<0.001
TRAF6	1.00 ± 0.05	0.87 ± 0.07	0.91 ± 0.05	0.272	0.883
NOD1	1.00 ± 0.07	1.55 ± 0.10∗	1.03 ± 0.04#	<0.001	<0.001
NOD2	1.00 ± 0.06	0.92 ± 0.09	0.83 ± 0.06	0.690	0.636
RIPK2	1.00 ± 0.10	1.58 ± 0.11∗	0.97 ± 0.04#	0.001	0.001
NF-κB p65	1.00 ± 0.09	1.75 ± 0.15∗	0.76 ± 0.07#	0.001	<0.001
Ileum
TLR4	1.00 ± 0.16	2.89 ± 0.19∗	1.87 ± 0.15#	<0.001	0.002
MyD88	1.00 ± 0.12	0.97 ± 0.17	0.84 ± 0.18	0.993	0.823
IRAK1	1.00 ± 0.08	1.08 ± 0.07	0.72 ± 0.10	0.799	0.021
TRAF6	1.00 ± 0.10	0.71 ± 0.12	0.99 ± 0.16	0.280	0.299
NOD1	1.00 ± 0.14	1.99 ± 0.14∗	1.40 ± 0.14#	<0.001	0.025
NOD2	1.00 ± 0.07	2.55 ± 0.16∗	0.66 ± 0.09#	<0.001	<0.001
RIPK2	1.00 ± 0.15	2.42 ± 0.08∗	1.17 ± 0.18#	<0.001	<0.001
NF-κB p65	1.00 ± 0.11	1.75 ± 0.15∗	1.26 ± 0.07#	0.001	0.025

TLR4 = toll-like receptor 4; MyD88 = myeloid differentiation factor 88; IRAK1 = IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1; TRAF6 = TNF receptor-associated factor 6. NOD = nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein; RIPK2 = receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2; NF-κB p65 = nuclear factor-κB p65.

^∗, a significant difference (P < 0.05) between NBW-CON group and IUGR-CON group; ^#, a significant difference (P < 0.05) between IUGR-DHA group and IUGR-CON group.

¹NBW-CON, normal body weight group fed a basal diet; IUGR-CON, IUGR group fed a basal diet; IUGR-DHA, IUGR group fed a DHA-supplemented diet at 80 mg/kg. Results were showed as means ± SEM (n = 8).