FIGURE 2.

In malignant melanoma, extracellular stimulus signals are transmitted into cells through receptors on the membrane and can activate TWIST1 through RAS-RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2, PI3K-AKT-NFKB, and STAT3 pathways, respectively. TWIST1 can inhibit E-cadherin and promote the process of EMT. CADM1, generally highly expressed, can inhibit the activation of TWIST1 by inhibiting the RAS-ERK pathway and then inhibit the EMT process. CADM1 can increase PARP-1 (poly ADP ribose polymerase) and recruit AIF (mitochondrial apoptosis inducing factor) and MIF (microphage migration inhibitory factor) to the nucleus, breaking down DNA into large fragments, and promoting cell death or inducing the destruction of mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to cell-dependent cell death. That is to say, elevated CADM1 can inhibit invasion and migration by inhibiting the EMT process or inducing cell death under non-adhesive conditions.