Table 2.
Association Between Injurious Falls (time-varying variable) and Cognitive Decline (changes in MMSE) Expressed as β Coefficients (95% CIs) From Linear Mixed-Effects Models
| All (n = 2267) | MMSE = 30 at Baseline (n = 917) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| At least 1 fall | ||||
| Intercept | 28.7 (28.2; 29.2) | 28.7 (28.2; 29.2) | 30.0 (29.5; 30.0) | 30.0 (29.6; 30.0) |
| At least one fall (vs none) | −1.52 (−1.87; −1.17)** | −1.49 (−1.84; −1.13)** | −0.85 (−1.24; −0.46)** | −0.81 (−1.20; −0.42)** |
| Number of falls | ||||
| Intercept | 28.7 (28.2; 29.2) | 28.7 (28.2; 29.2) | 30.0 (29.5; 30.0) | 30.0 (29.6; 30.0) |
| No falls | 1 [ref] | 1 [ref] | 1 [ref] | 1 [ref] |
| One fall | −1.16 (−1.59; −0.74)** | −1.15 (−1.57; −0.72)** | −0.59 (−1.04; −0.13)* | −0.58 (−1.04; −0.12)* |
| 2+ falls | −2.17 (−2.74; −1.60)** | −2.13 (−2.70; −1.56)** | −1.43 (−2.12; −0.75)** | −1.36 (−2.05; −0.67)** |
Notes: Model 1 is adjusted for age, sex, and educational level. Model 2 is additionally adjusted for living arrangement, history of falls, pain, number of chronic diseases, number of fall-risk-increasing drugs, number of unplanned hospitalizations in the previous 3-year period (as time-varying variable). The upper limit of 95% CI for MMSE intercept has been set as 30, considering the highest possible test value. CI = confidence interval; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination.
*p < .05. **p < .001.