Table 5.
Left-sided surgeries and predictors of surgical outcome
| Variables included in the model | Seizure free (yes versus no) |
Engel I versus II–IV |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted C: 0.664 |
Adjusted C: 0.729 |
|||||||||
| Not sz free (n = 99) | sz free (n = 147) | P-value | coef | Engel II–IV (n = 78) | Engel I (n = 168) | P-value | coef | |||
| Clinical variables | Preop sz freq | 18.0 ± 38.8 | 18.9 ± 39.3 | 0.90 | 0.001 | 19.5 ± 41.6 | 18.1 ± 37.8 | 0.67 | −0.002 | |
| Gender | Male | 50(50.5) | 77(52.4) | 0.63 | −0.154 | |||||
| Epilepsy duration | 18.3 ± 15.2 | 19.0 ± 15.0 | 0.92 | −0.001 | ||||||
| GTCS | Yes | 85(86.7) | 106(73.1) | 0.01 | −0.070 | 66(85.7) | 125(75.3) | 0.08 | −0.815 | |
| Type of surgery | Sparing | 29 (29.29) | 39 (26.53) | 0.09 | 1.161 | 27 (34.62) | 41 (24.40) | 0.59 | −0.415 | |
| Resection | 56 (56.57) | 73 (49.66) | 0.35 | 0.528 | 44 (56.41) | 85 (50.60) | 0.48 | −0.476 | ||
| MRI | Normal | 21 (21.21) | 19 (12.93) | 0.56 | 0.263 | 19 (24.36) | 21 (12.50) | 0.44 | 0.385 | |
| Aetiology | MTS | 35(35.4) | 74(50.3) | 0.82 | −6.913 | 21(26.9) | 88(52.4) | 0.80 | −7.934 | |
| Tumor | 5(5.1) | 18(12.2) | 0.81 | −7.350 | 3(3.8) | 20(11.9) | 0.82 | −7.165 | ||
| Other | 59(59.6) | 51(34.7) | 0.79 | −8.407 | 54(69.2) | 56(33.3) | 0.76 | −9.408 | ||
| qMRI-specific regions | Mean volume (percentile) | Mean volume (percentile) | ||||||||
| Right hemispheric regions | Right middle frontal | 45.5 ± 29.4 | 56.5 ± 29.1 | 0.03 | 0.017 | |||||
| Right premotor | 50.0 ± 29.5 | 56.2 ± 29.1 | 0.17 | −0.011 | ||||||
| Right parahippocampal | 32.6 ± 29.1 | 39.4 ± 30.2 | 0.07 | 0.010 | 32.0 ± 27.8 | 38.9 ± 30.7 | 0.11 | 0.010 | ||
| Right putamen | 67.5 ± 27.2 | 60.4 ± 30.6 | 0.11 | −0.009 | 69.4 ± 25.5 | 60.4 ± 30.8 | 0.11 | −0.010 | ||
| Right pars orbitalis | 34.4 ± 31.9 | 42.3 ± 30.2 | 0.02 | 0.014 | ||||||
| Left hemispheric regions | Left pallidum | 15.1 ± 23.0 | 23.9 ± 29.7 | 0.08 | 0.013 | 63.9 ± 27.1 | 56.3 ± 31.6 | 0.72 | 0.003 | |
| Left lateral orbitofrontal | 53.9 ± 33.3 | 45.1 ± 32.5 | 0.39 | −0.005 | ||||||
| Left transverse temporal | 55.6 ± 31.3 | 61.6 ± 29.7 | 0.06 | 0.011 | ||||||
| qMRI-asymmetry index | Mean percentile | Mean percentile | ||||||||
| Asymmetry index percentile | Anterior cingulate Asym | 59.5 ± 29.2 | 51.9 ± 32.0 | 0.18 | −0.009 | |||||
| Ventral diencephalon Asym | 35.4 ± 32.3 | 41.8 ± 30.8 | 0.07 | 0.009 | ||||||
| Middle frontal Asym | 59.2 ± 29.3 | 49.5 ± 30.9 | 0.03 | 0.017 | 62.8 ± 27.9 | 49.0 ± 30.9 | 0.004 | −0.017 | ||
| Medial parietal Asym | 37.9 ± 31.4 | 45.7 ± 33.4 | 0.11 | 0.009 | ||||||
| Occipital lobe Asym | 44.9 ± 29.3 | 37.7 ± 29.1 | 0.02 | −0.014 | ||||||
| Inferior parietal Asym | 41.3 ± 29.1 | 48.0 ± 31.7 | 0.04 | 0.012 | ||||||
| CWMH Asym | 42.4 ± 31.6 | 51.3 ± 35.1 | 0.05 | 0.010 | ||||||
Statistics presented as mean ± SD or N (column %). Bolded p-values are statistically significant.
Asym = asymmetry; coef = model's coefficient; CWMH = cerebral white matter hypointensities; GTC = generalized tonic-clonic seizures; MTS = mesial temporal sclerosis; Pre-op sz freq = pre-operative seizure frequency; P-values: model's P-value; qMRI = quantitative magnetic resonance image.