Table 2.
Characteristics of the 40 Included Studies
| Study | Country | Care setting | Diagnosis | Number of participants who completed GSE measure | % of males | Age (SD) (years) | Self-efficacy measure/baseline score | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barnes-Harris et al. (2019) | United Kingdom and Australia | Outpatient clinics | Chronic breathlessness | 41 | 59 | 70.5 (5.17) | Secondary data analysis of Johnson et al. (2016) and Swan et al. (2019) | Moderate |
| Bonsaksen et al. (2012) | Norway | Patient education course | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | 86 | 53 | 64.4 (9.7) | GSES 27.6 (6.4) | Moderate |
| Bonsaksen et al. (2013) | Norway | Patient education course | COPD | 60 | 53 | 64.5 (9.4) | Same data as Bonsaksen et al. (2012) | Moderate |
| Bonsaksen et al. (2014) | Norway | Patient education course | COPD Obese group excluded due to age | 56 | 58.9 | 66.3 (9.1) | Same data as Bonsaksen et al. (2012) | Low |
| Carlstedt et al. (2015) | Sweden | Outpatient clinic | Stroke | 34 | 61.8 | 68.1 | GSES 31.7 (6.95) | Moderate |
| Curtis, Groarke, and Sullivan (2014) | Ireland | Rapid access prostate hospital clinic | Prostate cancer | 89 | 100 | 64.62 (8.02) | GSES 30.6 (5.64) | Low |
| Cybulski et al. (2017) | Poland | Nursing home | — | 300 (nursing home = 100) | 29 (overall) | 60+ | GSES NH: 24.38 (7.67) Community: 29.71 (3.88) | Low |
| Fan and Lv (2016) | China | Acute hospital cardiovascular wards | Chronic heart failure | 159 | 47 | 63 (13.5) | GSES 26.11 (6.459) | Low |
| Feldstain et al. (2016) | Canada | Outpatient palliative rehabilitation | Stage 3/4 cancer | 80 | 47.5 | 64.04 (12.5) | GSES 27.86 (6.16) | Low |
| Fors et al. (2018) | Sweden | Acute inpatient hospital | COPD and/or chronic heart failure | 221 (intervention group = 103) | 50.5 (intervention) 41.5 (control) | 78.3 (9.5) (intervention) 76.9 (8.3) (control) | GSES Intervention: 28.1 (6.5) Control: 28.5 (5.8) | Unclear |
| Fu et al. (2018) | China | Nursing homes | — | 307 | 29.3 | 60+ | GSES 27.93 (5.6) | Low |
| Ghielen et al. (2017) | Netherlands | Outpatient clinic | Parkinson’s disease | 19 | 55 | 66.6 (8.4) | GSES 28.5 (4.56) | Low |
| Haugland et al. (2016) | Norway | NET centers (outpatient) | Neuroendocrine tumors | 196 | 49.5 | 65 (11) | GSES 29.9 (5.5) | Low |
| Huygens et al. (2017) | Netherlands | General practices | Chronic illness | 627 | 49.9 | 65.1 (11.6) | GSES 3.12 (0.6) | Low |
| Iannello et al. (2018) | Italy | Inpatient rehabilitation | Hip fracture | 42 (intervention group = 21) | 28.5 | 79.95 (8.93) (intervention) 79.31 (9.12) (control) | GSES Intervention: 34.1 (7.5) Control: 32.7 (7.4) | Unclear |
| Johnson et al. (2016) | United Kingdom and Australia | Outpatient clinics | Refractory breathlessness | 49 (intervention group = 24) | 50 (intervention) 56 (control) | 68.5 (11.6) (intervention) 67.7 (8.7) (control) | GSES Intervention: 30.2 (5.8) Control: 32.0 (4.4) | Low |
| Kim et al. (2006) | Korea | “Institutionalized” | — | 214 (institutionalized = 106) | 54.7 (institutionalized) 41.7 (noninstitutionalized) | 65+ | SES Institutionalized: 3.01 (0.44) Noninstitutionalized: 3.29 (0.42) | Low |
| Kosmat and Vranic (2017) | Croatia | Residential care home | — | 22 (intervention group = 12) | 25 overall | 80.08 (6.156) (intervention) 79.08 (3.615) (control) | GSES Intervention: 3.3 (0.44) Control: 3.1 (0.56) | Unclear |
| Kostka and Jachimowicz (2010) | Poland | Nursing home | — | 224 (nursing home = 112) | 22.3 (nursing home) 21.5 (veterans’ home) 23.6 (community) | 78.9 (6.9) (NH) 77 (7.6) (veterans’ home) 69.6 (4.6) (community) | GSES NH: 30.4 (7) Community: 30.9 (5.5) | Low |
| Lai et al. (2018) | Hong Kong | Nursing homes | — | 96 | 34.4 | 84.6 (7.24) | GSES 21.55 (7.47) | Moderate |
| Lewin, Jöbges, & Werheid (2013) | Germany | Inpatient neurological rehabilitation | Stroke | 96 | 52 | 67.08 (10.55) | Same data as Volz et al. 2018 | Moderate |
| Liu et al. (2018) | China | Inpatient neurology wards | Ischemic stroke | 147 | 63.3 | 68.57 (6.73) | GSES 25.6 (5.8) | Low |
| Magklara and Morrison (2016) | United Kingdom | Presurgery educational clinic | Prejoint replacement | 53 | 33.3 | 69.33 (8.57) | GSES 31.19 (5.2) | Moderate |
| Mystakidou, Parpa, Tsilika, Galanos, & Vlahos (2008) | Greece | Inpatient palliative care unit | Palliative cancer | 99 | 40.4 | 63.1 (14) | Same data as Mystakidou, Tsilika, et al. 2010 | Low |
| Mystakidou, Tsilika, et al. (2010) | Greece | Inpatient palliative care unit | Palliative cancer | 99 | 40.4 | 63.5 (13.2) | GSES 28.29 (6.9) | Low |
| Mystakidou, Parpa, et al. (2010) | Greece | Outpatient radiotherapy | Cancer | 90 (male = 41) Female group excluded due to age | 45.6 | 65.63 (12.48) (male) 57.45 (13.83) (female) | GSES Males: 33.17 (4.9) | Low |
| Mystakidou et al. (2012) | Greece | Outpatient palliative care | Cancer chronically ill group excluded due to age | 107 | 51.4 | 64.52 (12.84) | GSES Cancer: 25.73 (6.0) | Low |
| Mystakidou et al. (2013) | Greece | Outpatient radiotherapy | Cancer | 90 | 45.6 | 61.17 (5.2) | Same data as Mystakidou, Parpa, et al. 2010 | Low |
| Mystakidou et al. (2015) | Greece | Outpatient palliative care | Palliative cancer | 115 | 52.2 | 64.84 (12.7) | GSES 26.01 (6.11) | Low |
| Neuman et al. (2019) | United States | Inpatient hospital ward | Hip fracture | 20 | 25 | 72 (10.96) | GSES 32.8 (6.2) | Moderate |
| Rotenberg Shpigelman, Sternberg, & Maeir (2019) | Israel | Geriatric clinics | Subjective memory complaints | 91 (receiving care = 51) | 45.1 (care receivers) 32.5 (not receiving care) | 79.98 (7.33) (care receivers) 78.28 (7.4) (not receiving care) | NGSES Care receivers: 23.4 (6.1) Not receiving care: 26.4 (3.7) | Low |
| Schmidt et al. (2014) | Germany | Outpatient memory clinic | Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) | 53 (MCI = 26) | 46.7 (MCI) 47 (cognitively healthy) | 72.5 (5.8) (MCI) 73.1 (7.0) (cognitively healthy) | GSES MCI: 28.5 (5.1) Cognitively healthy: 33.7 (5) | Low |
| Schulz et al. (2015) | Germany | Primary care | Osteoarthritis | 1,018 | 31.1 | 74.9 (5.17) | GSES 32.7 (5.9) | Moderate |
| Stadtlander et al. (2015) | United States | Primary health care | — | 35 | 17.1 | 88.4 (3.12) | GSES 31.3 (4.6) | Moderate |
| Strupeit et al. (2013) | Germany | Inpatient geriatric Rehabilitation | Mobility impairment | 124 (intervention group = 39) | 87.2 (intervention) 32.9 (control) | 83.72 (6.87) (intervention) 83.44 (8.71) (control) | GSES Intervention: 25.97 (5.13) Control: 26.1 (6.25) | Moderate |
| Susanto et al. (2019) | Indonesia | “Institutional care” | Hypertension | 64 | 59.4 | 71.86 (9.94) | GSES 27.88 (6.59) | Moderate |
| Swan et al. (2019) | United Kingdom | Outpatient clinics | Chronic breathlessness | 40 | 70 | 72 (9.8) | GSES 31.03 (5.85) | Low |
| Tousignant et al. (2012) | Canada | Geriatric Day hospital | Falls | 152 (intervention group = 76) | 25 (intervention) 29 (control) | 79.1 (6.4) (intervention) 80.7(6.0) (control) | GSES Intervention: 27.7 (6.2) Control: 29.2 (5.4) | Low |
| Volz et al. (2016) | Germany | Neurological inpatient rehabilitation | Stroke | 88 | 54.5 | 66.35 (10.7) | Same data as Volz et al. 2018 | Low |
| Volz et al. (2018) | Germany | Neurological inpatient rehabilitation | Stroke | 294 | 58.9 | 63.78 (10.83) | GSES 31.25 (5.98) | Low |
Note: GSE = General self-efficacy; GSES = Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale; SES = Self-Efficacy Scale; NH = nursing home; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MCI = mild cognitive impairment.