Table 1.
Meta-Regression Results for Intervention Characteristics and Types of Interventions for the First Available Follow-Up After the Intervention
| Characteristics | Studies (n) | Studies with characteristic (n) | Ba | SE | 95% CI | p-value | Residual heterogeneity (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcome is FoF | 50 | 7 | −0.160 | 0.241 | −0.645; 0.325 | .511 | 79.12 |
| FoF as topic | 47 | 7 | 0.249 | 0.244 | −0.243; 0.740 | .313 | 79.19 |
| Type of intervention | |||||||
| Exercise | 50 | 37 | −0.294 | 0.185 | −0.666; 0.078 | .119 | 79.20 |
| Strength training | 50 | 16 | 0.202 | 0.184 | −0.168; 0.572 | .277 | 79.52 |
| Balance training | 50 | 18 | 0.189 | 0.179 | −0.170; 0.548 | .296 | 79.66 |
| Endurance training | 50 | 11 | 0.290 | 0.207 | −0.126; 0.707 | .167 | 78.64 |
| Strength, balance and endurance training | 50 | 6 | 0.447 | 0.242 | −0.041; 0.934 | .072 | 78.44 |
| Strength and balance training | 50 | 4 | −0.105 | 0.322 | −0.752; 0.542 | .746 | 79.45 |
| Strength and endurance training | 50 | 2 | 0.391 | 0.507 | −0.628; 1.410 | .444 | 79.49 |
| Holistic exercise (tai chi, yoga, ving tsun, Pilates) | 50 | 8 | −0.823 | 0.215 | −1.255; −0.392 | <.001* | 74.28 |
| ADL exercisesb | 50 | 1 | 0.843 | 0.658 | −0.480; 2.166 | .206 | 79.50 |
| Feldenkrais | 50 | 1 | −0.117 | 0.626 | −1.376; 1.141 | .852 | 79.67 |
| Dual tasking | 50 | 4 | 0.058 | 0.334 | −0.614; 0.730 | .863 | 79.76 |
| Cognitive behavioral program | 50 | 3 | 0.091 | 0.336 | −0.585; 0.766 | .789 | 79.57 |
| Education | 50 | 2 | 0.642 | 0.427 | −0.217; 1.500 | .139 | 79.11 |
| Psychological education | 50 | 1 | 0.843 | 0.658 | −0.480; 2.166 | .206 | 79.50 |
| Mental imagery | 50 | 1 | 0.425 | 0.732 | −1.047; 1.897 | .564 | 79.76 |
| Assessment-based intervention | 50 | 9 | 0.304 | 0.209 | −0.116; 0.724 | .151 | 79.59 |
| Assessment-based care | 50 | 6 | 0.275 | 0.246 | −0.220; 0.770 | .269 | 79.74 |
| Assessment-based home modification | 50 | 3 | 0.230 | 0.346 | −0.466; 0.926 | .510 | 79.72 |
| Referral | 50 | 1 | 0.423 | 0.555 | −0.693; 1.539 | .450 | 78.15 |
| Setting | |||||||
| Home | 43 | 17 | 0.384 | 0.189 | 0.002; 0.766 | .049* | 77.27 |
| Community | 43 | 19 | −0.528 | 0.181 | −0.894; −0.161 | .006* | 77.96 |
| Both home and community | 43 | 7 | 0.252 | 0.262 | −0.278; 0.782 | .342 | 79.53 |
| Tailoring | 49 | 31 | 0.687 | 0.161 | 0.364; 1.011 | <.001* | 72.73 |
| Delivery method | |||||||
| Face-to-face | 45 | 42 | 0.411 | 0.422 | −0.440; 1.261 | .335 | 79.54 |
| Written materials | 45 | 20 | 0.452 | 0.180 | 0.088; 0.815 | .016* | 77.34 |
| Telephone | 45 | 9 | 0.340 | 0.227 | −0.117; 0.797 | .141 | 78.79 |
| Game technology | 45 | 5 | −0.022 | 0.311 | −0.649; 0.605 | .944 | 79.81 |
| Audio cassette | 45 | 3 | 0.259 | 0.401 | −0.549; 1.066 | .522 | 80.04 |
| Video | 45 | 3 | 0.274 | 0.362 | −0.457; 1.004 | .454 | 79.97 |
| Nutritional supplement | 45 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Sensor-based technology | 45 | 1 | −0.721 | 0.770 | −2.274; 0.831 | .354 | 79.73 |
| Group format | |||||||
| Individual | 46 | 23 | 0.328 | 0.177 | −0.029; 0.686 | .071 | 77.34 |
| Group | 46 | 18 | −0.369 | 0.183 | −0.738; −0.000 | .050 | 78.07 |
| Combination of group and individual | 46 | 5 | 0.040 | 0.297 | −0.559; 0.640 | .892 | 78.54 |
| Supervision | |||||||
| Supervision present | 48 | 47 | 0.701 | 0.682 | −0.671; 2.074 | .309 | 78.54 |
| Experience | 41 | 7 | 0.418 | 0.264 | −0.116; 0.951 | .121 | 80.82 |
| Intervision | 43 | 16 | 0.232 | 0.197 | −0.166; 0.630 | .247 | 80.42 |
| Supervisor type | |||||||
| Physical therapist | 38 | 14 | 0.249 | 0.219 | −0.194; 0.693 | .262 | 81.49 |
| Occupational therapist | 38 | 5 | 0.275 | 0.303 | −0.341; 0.900 | .371 | 81.61 |
| Nurse | 40 | 7 | 0.267 | 0.251 | −0.240; 0.775 | .293 | 80.66 |
| Healthcare assistant | 38 | 1 | −0.035 | 0.629 | −1.310; 1.240 | .956 | 81.40 |
| Homecare | 38 | 1 | 0.951 | 0.661 | −0.389; 2.291 | .159 | 80.99 |
| Social worker | 38 | 1 | 0.391 | 0.626 | −0.880; 1.661 | .537 | 81.43 |
| Case manager | 38 | 1 | 0.388 | 0.652 | −0.933; 1.710 | .555 | 81.65 |
| Geriatric psychologist | 38 | 1 | 0.869 | 0.706 | −0.562; 2.301 | .226 | 81.39 |
| Tai chi instructor | 38 | 5 | −1.047 | 0.272 | −1.598; −0.496 | .000* | 76.49 |
| Yoga instructor | 38 | 1 | −1.169 | 0.702 | −2.592; 0.254 | .104 | 80.47 |
| Feldenkrais practitioner | 38 | 1 | −0.097 | 0.681 | −1.478; 1.284 | .888 | 81.66 |
| Fitness instructor | 38 | 2 | −0.339 | 0.573 | −1.499; 0.826 | .561 | 81.58 |
| Fall prevention instructor | 38 | 1 | 0.341 | 0.644 | −0.965; 1.647 | .600 | 81.66 |
| Dietician | 38 | 1 | 0.388 | 0.652 | −0.933; 1.710 | .555 | 81.65 |
| Peer mentor | 38 | 1 | 0.446 | 0.620 | −0.811; 1.702 | .477 | 80.83 |
| Caregiver | 38 | 1 | 0.869 | 0.706 | −0.562; 2.301 | .226 | 81.39 |
| Postural stability instructor | 38 | 1 | 0.390 | 0.672 | −0.973; 1.752 | .565 | 81.68 |
| Researcher | 38 | 3 | −0.285 | 0.394 | −1.085; 0.515 | .474 | 81.21 |
| Research assistant | 38 | 1 | 0.408 | 0.672 | −0.955; 1.772 | .547 | 81.67 |
| Physical education student | 38 | 1 | 0.686 | 0.683 | −0.699; 2.070 | .322 | 81.47 |
| Ving tsun coach | 38 | 1 | 0.555 | 0.712 | −0.888; 1.998 | .440 | 81.63 |
| Contact hours with a facilitator | NA | NA | −0.017 | 0.009 | −0.036; 0.002 | .083 | 81.35 |
| Duration of intervention (weeks) | NA | NA | 0.002 | 0.011 | −0.019; 0.023 | .857 | 79.57 |
Note: CI = confidence interval; NA = nonapplicable.
*p < .05.
aThe regression coefficient. For categorical variables, the regression coefficient represents the difference in the SMD between interventions with and without the characteristic in question. For continuous variables, the regression coefficient is the change in the SMD for a one unit change in the intervention characteristic.bActivities of Daily Living.