Table 3.

Data Synthesis Organization.

Authors and Year	Study design	Country	Population	Leisure activity	Mental health outcome	aWoE (%)
Callow et al. (2020)	Cross-sectional	USA and Canada	N = 1,046 Age range = 50–90 years	Physical activities and exercise performed at home	Enhanced mental health	100
Carriedo et al. (2020)	Cross-sectional	Spain	N = 483 Age = 65.5 ± 5.1 Age range = 60–92 years	Leisure time physical activity	Psychological wellbeing and lower depressive symptoms	100
Goodman-Casanova et al. (2020)	Case-control	Spain	N = 93, with mild dementia or mild cognitive impairment Age = 73.34 ± 6.07 years	Social, physical, cognitive/mental, and emotional leisure and recreation activities	Improved cognitive functioning and mental health	90
Heid et al. (2020)	Cross-sectional mixed methods	USA	N = 1,272 Age = 70.3 ± 6.65 years Age range = 64 and older	Social, physical, cognitive/mental, and emotional leisure and recreation activities	Superior mental wellbeing outcomes across age cohorts	100
Nimrod (2020)	Cross-sectional	Israel	N = 407, age = 69.1 ± 5.1 years Age range = 60–84 years	Use of the Internet, playing digital games, downloading content, and writing blogs	Wellbeing and mental stress reduction across age cohorts	90
Richardson et al. (2020)	Cross-sectional mixed methods	United Kingdom	N = 117 Age = 75 ± 4 years	Physical activity	Mental health gains and reduction in levels of depression, especially along with the older-old adults	85
Strutt et al. (2021)	Cross-sectional	Australia	N = 201 Age = 70.55 ± 6.50 years Age range = 60–87 years	Low-to-vigorous physical activities and use of technology (computer or smartphone)	Higher mental health wellbeing across age cohorts maintaining social connections	90
Takashima et al. (2020)	Cross-sectional	Japan	N = 24 Age = 78.2 ± 5.5 years Age range = 65–80 years	Social wellbeing, mental health, walking, home gardening, personal and family social-related activities, and smart-technology	Social connectedness activities enhance the mental health wellbeing of older-old adults, overall, and less from smart technology use among the older-old adults compared to the younger-old	95
von Humboldt et al. (2020)	Cross-sectional	Italy, Mexico, Portugal, and Spain	N = 351 Age = 73.4 ± 3.4 years Italy n = 78, age = 67.4 ± 3.1 years Mexico n = 94, age = 69.7 ± 2.6 years Portugal n = 98, age = 76.2 ± 4.1 years Spain n = 81, age = 75.2 ± 6.4 years	Smart technology–supported activities such as video conferencing and WhatsApp chats software	Higher mental health and spiritual wellbeing across age cohorts	100
Whitehead and Torossian (2020)	Cross-sectional, mixed methods	USA	N = 825 Age = 60 and older	Joy and comfort activities with family, friends, and others	Higher social connectedness mental health wellbeing across age cohorts	100

^aWoE = weight of evidence.