Table 2.
Final adjusted Poisson generalized linear mixed model results on county-level COVID-19 incidence rates per 100 000 population, Georgia, March 1–August 31, 2020
| Effect | Monthly adjusted least-squares mean (95% CI) | χ2a | P valueb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| March | April | May | June | July | August | |||
| Rurality | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.5 | .02 |
| Percentage male | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.3 | .59 |
| Gini index 2014-2018c | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12.4 | <.001 |
| Population density | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.4 | .12 |
| Length-of-life health ranking | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.0 | .80 |
| Quality-of-life health rankingd | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8.5 | .04 |
| Month | — | — | — | — | — | — | 62 351.3 | <.001 |
| Health behaviors health ranking | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.7 | .12 |
| Clinical care health ranking | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.9 | .60 |
| Social and economic health ranking | — | — | — | — | — | — | 12.3 | .01 |
| Physical environment health ranking | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3.0 | .40 |
| Health ranking x month | 2519.6 | <.001 | ||||||
| 0%-25% | 34.8 (27.0-44.9) | 325.6 (256.6-413.1) | 280.7 (221.1-356.3) | 268.6 (211.8-340.6) | 932.7 (736.5-1181.0) | 935.4 (738.6-1185.0) | ||
| 26%-50% | 32.5 (26.8-39.4) | 193.4 (163.1-229.2) | 164.7 (138.8-195.3) | 255.0 (215.6-301.7) | 1014.0 (859.5-1197.0) | 980.7 (831.0-1157.0) | ||
| 51%-75% | 23.1 (19.2-28.0) | 163.5 (138.6-192.9) | 144.6 (122.5-170.8) | 320.0 (271.8-376.8) | 844.2 (718.1-992.5) | 855.5 (727.7-1006.0) | ||
| 76%-100% | 32.8 (26.4-40.8) | 219.7 (181.0-266.7) | 182.5 (150.2-221.8) | 456.8 (376.9-553.5) | 937.5 (774.8-1134.0) | 699.4 (577.8-846.6) | ||
| Clinical care health ranking x month | 1620.7 | <.001 | ||||||
| 0%-25% | 48.0 (40.4-56.9) | 211.0 (179.4-248.2) | 145.5 (123.6-171.2) | 266.7 (226.9-313.5) | 1016.0 (865.3-1193.0) | 926.9 (789.4-1089.0) | ||
| 26%-50% | 31.7 (26.5-37.8) | 218.1 (186.1-255.7) | 150.0 (127.8-176.0) | 314.1 (268.3-367.8) | 828.4 (708.6-968.4) | 749.3 (640.9-876.0) | ||
| 51%-75% | 25.6 (21.1-31.2) | 245.5 (207.5-290.4) | 246.0 (207.9-291.0) | 324.8 (274.8-383.9) | 993.6 (842.5-1172.0) | 938.7 (795.9-1107.0) | ||
| 76%-100% | 22.0 (17.8-27.3) | 200.1 (167.2-239.4) | 227.4 (190.0-272.1) | 368.0 (308.2-439.4) | 895.4 (751.3-1067.0) | 842.0 (706.4-1004.0) | ||
| Social and economic health ranking x month | 3012.3 | <.001 | ||||||
| 0%-25% | 24.8 (19.1-32.2) | 147.0 (114.9-188.0) | 166.1 (129.9-212.4) | 410.9 (321.8-524.7) | 891.2 (698.6-1137.0) | 806.5 (632.2-1029.0) | ||
| 26%-50% | 40.7 (34.0-48.7) | 217.5 (184.6-256.3) | 248.2 (210.7-292.4) | 551.3 (468.9-648.2) | 1196.0 (1018.0-1404.0) | 931.2 (792.6-1094.0) | ||
| 51%-75% | 16.5 (13.0-20.9) | 231.6 (192.1-279.2) | 199.3 (165.2-240.4) | 310.0 (257.7-373.0) | 1121.0 (934.1-1346.0) | 1062.0 (884.6-1275.0) | ||
| 76%-100% | 51.6 (39.7-66.9) | 305.3 (239.8-388.9) | 148.5 (116.3-189.6) | 142.6 (111.9-181.7) | 626.7 (493.3-796.3) | 688.4 (541.8-874.6) | ||
| Physical environment health ranking x month | 81.0 | <.001 | ||||||
| 0%-25% | 24.1 (19.7-29.4) | 208.7 (175.4-248.4) | 202.3 (170.1-240.8) | 334.3 (281.5-397.2) | 1042.0 (878.4-1235.0) | 950.5 (801.6-1127.0) | ||
| 26%-50% | 44.3 (37.1-52.9) | 265.3 (225.5-312.1) | 186.9 (158.7-220.2) | 298.8 (254.1-351.4) | 814.3 (693.7-956.0) | 872.5 (743.3-1024.0) | ||
| 51%-75% | 27.9 (23.7-32.9) | 198.4 (170.4-231.0) | 205.0 (176.1-238.7) | 387.4 (333.1-450.6) | 1007.0 (866.8-1170.0) | 874.5 (752.5-1016.0) | ||
| 76%-100% | 28.8 (24.1-34.4) | 205.8 (174.6-242.4) | 157.3 (133.4-185.5) | 258.7 (219.7-304.6) | 876.5 (745.5-1030.0) | 756.9 (643.7-890.0) | ||
aUsing the Wald χ2 test.
bP < .05 was considered significant.
cThe Gini index is a summary measure that quantifies economic inequality on a numerical scale ranging from 0 (complete equality) to 1 (complete inequality).12 Data are reported as Gini index x 100.
dThe Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Quality of Life rankings include measures of healthfulness including percentage low birth weight, indices of mental and physical wellness (health and distress), and clinical conditions such as percentage of population aged ≥20 years with diabetes and HIV prevalence.7