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. 2021 Aug 13;10:30. doi: 10.1186/s40035-021-00254-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Exercise alters the state of DNAm. (a) Physical exercise changes the state of DNAm including hypermethylation, hypomethylation and demethylation to influence the expression of genes. (b, c) DNAm refers to the covalent bonding between a methyl group from S adenosyl methionine (SAM) and the carbon-5 position of cytosine in the genome CpG dinucleotide (catalyzed by DNMTs). 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) is an intermediate during active DNA demethylation. The conversion of 5-mC to 5-hmC is mediated by TETs. DNAm generally leads to gene silencing, but the phenomenon is reversed in a demethylated state