Table 2.
Alteration of Metabolites in AD subjects compared with cognitively normal controls
| Compound | Metabolite | Predicted molecular pathways or biological functionsa | VIP | FC (AD/NC) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lipids and lipid-like molecules | |||||
| Androstane steroids | 19-Oxoandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione | Steroid hormone biosynthesis | 2.4 | 0.73 | 0.023 |
| Fatty acids | 5-Butyl-3,4-dimethyl-2-furanundecanoic acid | Antixoxidants and radical scavengers | 2.1 | 0.80 | 0.034 |
| Steroidal glycosides | Trigofoenoside F | A compound isolated from fenugreek seeds | 1.5 | 1.07 | 0.011 |
| Triterpenoids | 22-Angeloylbarringtogenol C | A constituent of C. sinensis | 3.3 | 1.22 | 0.042 |
| Diterpenoids | Sagittariol | – | 2.6 | 0.87 | 0.042 |
| Vitamin D derivatives | 1α,25-dihydroxy-3α-methyl-3-deoxyvitamin D3 | – | 2.7 | 0.87 | 0.031 |
| – | PG(16:0/0:0)[U] | – | 1.3 | 0.95 | 0.019 |
| Organic acids and derivatives | |||||
| Amino acids | N-Docosahexaenoyl GABA | N-Acyl amino acid metabolism | 2.3 | 0.81 | 0.001 |
| Hydroxy acids | 12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid | Substrate of glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase | 1.6 | 0.85 | 0.047 |
| Amino acids | Hypoglycin B | Natural toxins | 1.4 | 0.86 | 0.037 |
| Benzenoids | |||||
| Methoxyphenols | (4E)-12-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)dodec-4-en-3-one | A predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer | 2.1 | 0.67 | 0.020 |
| Benzenediols | 5-(3′,5′-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone | A tea polyphenol metabolite detected in biological fluids | 2.3 | 0.73 | 0.041 |
| Organic nitrogen compounds | |||||
| Amines | N,N-Dimethylsphingosine | Regulation of sphingolipid-mediated functions | 3.9 | 1.35 | 0.032 |
| Organoheterocyclic compounds | |||||
| Benzopyrans | (5α,8β,9β)-5,9-Epoxy-3,6-megastigmadien-8-ol | – | 1.8 | 1.23 | 0.045 |
| Piperidine | |||||
| Piperidine | 1-ACETYLPIPERIDINE | Piperidine metabolism | 1.9 | 0.80 | 0.041 |
AD Alzheimer’s disease, NC cognitively normal control, VIP variable importance in the projection, FC fold change
a Information referencing KEGG pathway database and HDBM database