TABLE 3.
Comparison of the prevalence of DBM between a specified urbanization level and the upper‐immediate level
| Exposure | Crude modela | Adjusted modela | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | |
| Urbanization level (inh/km2) | ||||
| 1 to 500 (ref.) vs. 501 to 1,000 | 0.66 | 0.51‐0.84 | 0.85 | 0.70‐1.03 |
| 501 to 1,000 (ref.) vs. 1,001 to 2,500 | 0.70 | 0.50‐0.99 | 0.71 | 0.53‐0.95 |
| 1,001 to 2,500 (ref.) vs. 2,501 to 5,000 | 0.86 | 0.55‐1.34 | 1.01 | 0.65‐1.56 |
| 2,501 to 5,000 (ref.) vs. 5,001 to 7,500 | 1.15 | 0.70‐1.87 | 1.19 | 0.73‐1.93 |
| 5,001 to 7,500 (ref.) vs. 7,501 to 10,000 | 0.72 | 0.45‐1.13 | 0.83 | 0.53‐1.30 |
| 7,501 to 10,000 (ref.) vs. 10,001 to 15,000 | 1.21 | 0.76‐1.93 | 1.17 | 0.74‐1.85 |
| 10,001 to 15,000 (ref.) vs. ≥15,001 | 0.74 | 0.45‐1.21 | 0.81 | 0.50‐1.31 |
| <500 (ref.) vs. 501 to 1,000 | 0.66 | 0.51‐0.84 | 0.85 | 0.70‐1.03 |
| <1,001 (ref.) vs. 1,001 to 2,500 | 0.57 | 0.44‐0.74 | 0.66 | 0.51‐0.84 |
| <2,501 (ref.) vs. 2,501 to 5,000 | 0.59 | 0.40‐0.87 | 0.76 | 0.52‐1.12 |
| <5,001 (ref.) vs. 5,001 to 7,500 | 0.77 | 0.55‐1.08 | 0.97 | 0.69‐1.35 |
| <7,501 (ref.) vs. 7,501 to 10,000 | 0.58 | 0.41‐0.82 | 0.80 | 0.58‐1.12 |
| <10,001 (ref.) vs. 10,001 to 15,000 | 0.77 | 0.54‐1.10 | 0.98 | 0.69‐1.40 |
| <15,001 (ref.) vs. ≥15,001 | 0.59 | 0.40‐0.86 | 0.80 | 0.55‐1.15 |
| Global p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Estimates with Bonferroni‐adjusted p < 0.007 shown in bold.
Full model adjusted by urbanization level, sex and age of child, age and educational attainment of mother, socioeconomic status, altitude, and survey year.
Abbreviations: DBM, double burden of malnutrition; inh/km2, inhabitants/km2; PR, prevalence ratio.
a
Contrasts of marginal linear predictions from Poisson log generalized linear models, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, and accounting for the complex survey design.