Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Country | Type of PHE | Intervention type | Outcome | Research design | Type of evaluation | Study sample |
| Azadi et al 2017 | Ethiopia | Drought | Economic empowerment: Food aid membership |
Access to economic resources: food aid programme membership |
Cross-sectional study | Evaluation of programme uptake | 479 households in villages (one respondent per household) |
| Badri et al 2006 | Iran | Earthquake | Policy of involuntary planned resettlement | Access to economic resources: female general employment, female employment in governmental jobs, women’s travel time to work |
Case–control study | Evaluation of programme effects | 64 relocated communities, 129 host communities |
| Bandiera et al 2019 | Sierra Leone | Ebola | Economic empowerment and reproductive health education | Equal opportunities: school enrolment, income-generation activities, literacy, numeracy, entrepreneurial confidence, financial literacy Violence: Unwanted sex Reproductive health: Time spent with men, condom use, frequency of unprotected sex, transactional sex, pregnancy |
RCT | Evaluation of programme effects | Intervention: 150 villages/3592 girls 12–25 years; control: 50 villages/1198 girls control 12–25 years |
| Becker 2009 | India | Tsunami | Psychosocial care | Psychological distress | Case–control study | Evaluation of programme effects | Intervention: 100 female survivors of the 2004 tsunami, control: 100 female survivors of the 2004 tsunami |
| Christian et al 2018 | India | Cyclone | Economic empowerment: financial aid |
Equal opportunities: political knowledge, attendance of village meeting, voting in village council |
Natural experiment | Evaluation of programme effects | 2874 households |
| Darrat et al 2021 | USA | COVID-19 | Telehealth intervention | Health equity between men and women: participation in telehealthcare programme |
Cohort study | Evaluation of programme uptake | 1162 paediatric and adult patients at the department of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery |
| Derya et al 2021 | Turkey | COVID-19 | Pre-natal Telehealth intervention | Reproductive health: Prenatal distress, pregnancy anxiety |
Randomised controlled trial | Evaluation of programme effects | 96 pregnant women |
| Dhital et al 2019 | Nepal | Earthquake | Community-based health promotion | Reproductive health: maternal and child health knowledge, healthcare seeking (antenatal care visits+institutional delivery) |
Case–control study | Evaluation of programme effects | 364 women of reproductive age at baseline, 377 women of reproductive age at endline |
| Doocy et al 2005 |
Ethiopia | Drought | Economic empowerment: microcredit |
Health equity between men and women: malnutrition and receipt of food aid | Cross-sectional study | Evaluation of programme effects | 164 established female microfinance clients 164, 99 new clients, 89 control women |
| Earle-Richardson et al 2018 | Puerto Rico | Zika | Health education (focused on Zika prevention) | Reproductive health: condom use, sexual abstinence Receipt of programme, vector control behaviour (eg, repellent use, bed-net use and wearing long sleeves) |
Cross-sectional study | Evaluation of programme implementation and effects | 1329 pregnant women |
| Essen et al 2019 |
Puerto Rico, USA | Zika | Reproductive health training (focused on Zika prevention) | Reproductive health: condom use |
Cross-sectional study | Evaluation of programme effects | 2364 women with a recent live birth |
| Giarratano et al 2015 |
USA | Hurricane | Reproductive health training | Reproductive health: Perceptions of prenatal care, prenatal health behaviours (eg, drug use and vitamin consumption), birth outcomes (eg, low birth weight, preterm birth and anaemia) |
Cross-sectional study | Evaluation of programme uptake, implementation and effects ürphraprocess/programme effects | 402 prenatal women (24–40 weeks) from prenatal clinics and classes (282 experiencing only traditional post-natal care, while 120 received the additional intervention) |
| Lathrop et al 2018* | Puerto Rico | Zika | Reproductive health training | Reproductive health: proportion of women receiving same-day contraceptive services, proportion of women selecting LARC method |
Cross-sectional study | Evaluation of programme effect/process | 3294 women |
| Lathrop et al 2020* | Puerto Rico | Zika | Reproductive health training | Reproductive health: LARC removal |
Cohort study | Evaluation of programme uptake | 29 221 women who participated throughout the life of the programme |
| Peahl et al 2021 | USA | COVID-19 | Prenatal virtual care intervention | Reproductive health: number of women accessing prenatal care programme, satisfaction with prenatal care services, use of home devices for blood pressure measurement |
Cross-sectional study | Evaluation of programme uptake/process | 253 pregnant women |
| Powell et al 2020* | Puerto Rico | Zika | Social marketing reproductive health campaign | Reproductive health: views/clicks/likes for online campaign content |
Cross-sectional study | Evaluation of programme uptake | Website and social media users |
| Romero et al 201*8* | Puerto Rico | Zika | Reproductive health training | Reproductive health: number of women receiving Zika prevention services, reach of awareness campaign |
Cross-sectional study | Evaluation of programme uptake/process | Unclear |
| Shahriar et al 2019 |
Bangladesh | Flood, river bank erosion, cyclone (in the past 12 months) | Economic empowerment: microcredit |
Domestic violence | Case– control Study | Evaluation of programme uptake | 583 women between ages 18 and 45 who were first-time loan recipients |
| Wood et al 2020 | USA | COVID-19 | Telehealth intervention | Sexual and reproductive health: access to/counselling on contraception, HIV, menstrual disorders |
Cross-sectional study | Evaluation of programme uptake | 331 adolescents |
*Studies report on the same intervention.
LARC, long-acting reversible contraceptive; PHE, public health emergency; RCT, randomised controlled trial.