TABLE 3.
Relevant exosome lipids proposed as biomarkers for diagnosis
| Disease | EVs source | Analytical method | Lipid biomarkers | Remarks | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prostate cancer | Urine | Hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer | LacCer (d18:1/16:0), PS (18:1/18:1) and PS (16:0–18:1). | 93% sensitivity and 100% specificity by using the combination of the three lipids. | 10 |
| Non‐small cell lung cancer | Blood plasma | Ultra‐high‐resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry | PC (18:1/18:2), PC (18:0/20:3), TG (54:6) | These three lipids were overlapped between two multivariate statistical methods: The Random Forest and the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator. | 13 |
| Pancreatic cancer | Serum | UHPLC‐data‐dependent acquisition ‐MS | LPC (22:0), PC (P‐14:0/22:2) and PE (16:0/18:1) associated with tumor stage. PE (16:0/18:1) associated with patient overall survival. | This study proposes lipids associated with disease stage, tumor size, and patient overall survival. | 11 |
| Colorectal cancer | Serum | Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry | 56 lipids (glycolipids, phospholipids, fatty acids and sphingolipids). | The joint pathway analysis revealed that sphingolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolisms exert the strongest discriminative power. | 111 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | Urine | UHPLC‐high‐resolution MS | PC, LPC, PIP2, DG and GM3 | These lipids are differentially expressed in exosomes from diabetic and diabetic nephropathy patients. | 12 |
| Multiple sclerosis | Cerebrospinal fluid | HPLC‐Quattro Ultima Pt ESI tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer | SM | SM converted to Cer by acid sphingomyelinase with neurodegenerative effects. | 70 |
| Hereditary α‐tryptasemia | Urine | UHPLC‐Qtrap 6500 | 64 lipids (glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids and sterols) | The 64 lipids were significantly reduced in urinary exosomes of hereditary α‐tryptasemia patients. | 117 |
Abbreviations: Cer, ceramide; DG, diglyceride; GM3, ganglioside; LacCer, Lactosyl ceramide; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate; PS, phosphatidylserine; SM, sphingomyelin.