Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population for Both Discovery and Replication Phases
| Characteristics | Discovery | Replication | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Controls | P Value | Cases | Controls | P Value | |
| N=286 | N=591 | N=276 | N=280 | |||
| Age, y | 74.4 (3.5) | 74.4 (3.5) | 0.94 | 75.1 (3.5) | 75.2 (3.6) | 0.81 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 154 (53.8) | 320 (54.1) | 0.93 | 157 (56.9) | 158 (56.4) | 0.91 |
| Cohort, n (%) | 0.74 | 0.57 | ||||
| HEALTH-ABC | 215 (75.2) | 433 (73.3) | 109 (39.5) | 99 (35.4) | ||
| PREDICTOR | 15 (5.2) | 29 (4.9) | 29 (10.5) | 29 (10.4) | ||
| PROSPER | 56 (19.6) | 129 (21.8) | 138 (50.0) | 152 (54.3) | ||
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.29 | 0.50 | ||||
| Never | 139 (48.6) | 309 (52.5) | 157 (56.9) | 169 (60.4) | ||
| Current | 30 (10.5) | 71 (12.1) | 57 (20.7) | 47 (16.8) | ||
| Past | 117 (40.9) | 209 (35.5) | 62 (22.5) | 64 (22.9) | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.1 (4.8) | 27.0 (4.4) | <0.001 | 27.6 (4.7) | 26.7 (4.2) | 0.02 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 142.4 (23.4) | 141.2 (23.0) | 0.48 | 148.2 (22.9) | 145.9 (22.7) | 0.25 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 75.2 (13.7) | 74.6 (12.1) | 0.45 | 78.5 (13.7) | 78.2 (12.6) | 0.76 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 67 (11.8) | 64 (11.1) | 0.004 | 68 (11.9) | 66 (10.9) | 0.09 |
| Serum creatinine, µmol/L | 98.8 (27.7) | 93.5 (21.3) | 0.002 | 102.8 (28.2) | 95.5 (21.5) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.33 (1.00) | 5.31 (0.99) | 0.88 | 5.34 (0.97) | 5.49 (0.95) | 0.08 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.28 (0.39) | 1.34 (0.41) | 0.04 | 1.29 (0.37) | 1.36 (0.42) | 0.02 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.32 (0.89) | 3.29 (0.92) | 0.64 | 3.41 (0.91) | 3.48 (0.85) | 0.35 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.61 (0.83) | 1.55 (0.96) | 0.33 | 1.53 (0.77) | 1.45 (0.66) | 0.19 |
| Blood glucose, mmol/L | 5.99 (2.18) | 5.60 (1.56) | 0.002 | 5.92 (1.99) | 5.49 (1.34) | 0.003 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 219 (76.8) | 408 (69.2) | 0.02 | 184 (66.9) | 177 (63.4) | 0.39 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 55 (19.2) | 68 (11.5) | 0.002 | 49 (17.8) | 32 (11.4) | 0.03 |
| CVD | 124 (44.4) | 168 (28.9) | <0.001 | 149 (54.0) | 105 (37.5) | <0.001 |
| CAD | 103 (36.5) | 126 (21.6) | <0.001 | 114 (41.3) | 78 (27.9) | <0.001 |
| PAD | 14 (5.0) | 22 (3.8) | 0.40 | 14 (5.1) | 4 (1.4) | 0.01 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 25 (8.9) | 49 (8.3) | 0.76 | 34 (12.3) | 25 (8.9) | 0.19 |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||||
| Antihypertensives | 192 (67.1) | 318 (54.0) | <0.001 | 198 (71.7) | 174 (62.1) | 0.02 |
| ACE inhibitor | 64 (22.4) | 74 (12.6) | <0.001 | 63 (22.8) | 47 (16.8) | 0.07 |
| CCB | 86 (30.1) | 114 (19.4) | <0.001 | 77 (27.9) | 53 (18.9) | 0.01 |
| Diuretics | 88 (30.8) | 141 (23.9) | 0.03 | 102 (37.0) | 89 (31.8) | 0.20 |
| β-blockers | 51 (17.8) | 97 (16.5) | 0.61 | 62 (22.5) | 54 (19.3) | 0.36 |
| ARBs | 13 (4.5) | 14 (2.4) | 0.08 | 17 (6.2) | 13 (4.6) | 0.43 |
| Antiplatelet | 128 (44.8) | 228 (38.7) | 0.09 | 126 (45.7) | 102 (36.4) | 0.03 |
Numbers are mean (SD) unless otherwise specified. ACE indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARBs, angiotensin receptors blockers; CAD, coronary artery diseases; CCB, calcium channel blockers; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; and PAD, peripheral arterial diseases.