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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020 Sep 13;119:294–319. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.005

Figure 1. Areas pivotal for space exploration that could potentially benefit from NiBS applications.

Figure 1.

NiBS could be adapted to (i) improve astronaut physical and psychomotor training, cognitive performance, and adaptation to space-related stressors on Earth, as well as enhance and support the performance of the team at the Mission Control Centre during operations. NiBS could also (ii) mitigate the impact of ICE, microgravity, and cosmic radiation during spaceflight or long-duration missions on the ISS, and (iii) further tackle these issues in a habitat on Moon and Mars. Finally, NiBS-based measures of cortical excitability, plasticity, and excitation-inhibition balance could be used to investigate brain changes and support the post-flight return to baseline/recovery.