FIGURE 1.

Major factors and cell components involved in acetic acid stress and its response in budding yeast. Extracellular and intracellular pH, cellular growth phase and environmental growth conditions, plasma membrane composition and cell wall assembly, activity of plasma membrane/vacuolar proton pumps and monocarboxylate transporters, metabolic and antioxidant genes, antioxidant molecules, transcription factors and stress‐signalling pathways [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]