Table 2.
IPPP in Tripura
| Sl. No | Technology/plant protection methods | Crops/ location | Procedure/use | Target pests | Rationale | FC | RFC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Usage of home-utilized products or waste materials and appliances | ||||||
| 1 |
Ash application [Vernacular language: (Bangla—Chai/Chali, Kokborok—Thapla)] |
-Amaranthus, vegetable crops, kitchen garden -Legume crop storage |
-Application of wood ashes on crops and around the crop - Ashes mixed with pulse seeds |
-Chewing pests like beetles (e.g., blister beetle Mylabris phalerata), termites (Odonotermes spp.) -Bruchids |
Abrasion of mouth parts, particularly mandibles, repels insects due to irritation [40] -Physical barrier in oviposition [41] |
109 | 0.545 |
| 2 | Tin boxes like oil cane, amul cane or any food supplement box (Fig. 4) | Coconut | Banding the cut open tin on stem near ground region |
Rats: coconut rat: Bandicota indica (Burrowing rat) Squirrels: (Funambulus spp.) |
Slippery surface of the substrate reduce the frictional force resulting barrier for climbing [64] | 44 | 0.22 |
| 3 | Tying ribbons, cassette reels or plastic bags (Fig. 3a) | Maize, rice | Colored ribbon or cassette reels or plastic bags, particularly during grain filling stage | Grain feeding bird, viz. common pigeon or blue rock pigeon (Columba livia) | Acts as bird scarrer [65] | 19 | 0.095 |
| 4 | Placing fish nets | Nursery seed beds or main field | Immediately after sowing the fish nets are covered over it and fixing with bamboo pegs | Birds like sparrow (Passer domesticus), pigeon (Columba livia) | Physical barrier check the lifting and feeding of sowing seeds [66] | 25 | 0.125 |
| 5 | Dhup/Dhoya (coconut husk or paddy husk or maize cobs) | Citrus orchard | Smokes produced by burning coconut husk or paddy husk | Fruit sucking moth (Eudocima fullonia) | Acts as repellent [67] | 38 | 0.19 |
| 6 | Soap and detergent | Vegetables | Foams of the products applied on plant | Sucking pests, viz. whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci Gennadius), leaf hopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida) etc. | Creates slippery surface acts as non-host plant, i.e., antixenosis [48] | 6 | 0.03 |
| 7 | Hookah water (Fig. e,f) | Kitchen garden vegetable | After consumption, the left-out water is used | Pod borers (Bhendi pod borer, Earias vitella Fab., sucking bugs (Riptorus spp., Clavigralla spp.) of vegetables etc | Repellent mechanism [37] | 98 | 0.49 |
| B | Food Products | ||||||
| 8 | Shaft of jackfruit | Cucurbits, fruit crops | Placing the middle portion of jackfruit (shaft) in gourd types crops and also in mango, guava orchard | Fruit fly (Bactrocera spp.) | Sweet smell lure and attract the pest for oviposition and the sticky surface glued with ovipositor of fruit fly leads to killing of insects (act as trap) | 16 | 0.08 |
| 9 | Placement of pomelo/citrus | Rice | Cut open piece of citrus/pomelo placed in rice field | Stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) | Repellent action [51] | 11 | 0.055 |
| 10 | Jackfruit latex | Paddy field | Putting bamboo sticks with jackfruit latex around the rice field | Rat (Bandicota indica) | Rat used to stuck in sticky late [50] | 9 | 0.045 |
| C | Use of organisms/birds | ||||||
| 11 | Erection of bird perches | Brinjal, rice, maize, cruciferous crops, sorgum, pearl millet | Putting bamboo stem on field having many lateral branches | Brinjal fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee), rice stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (particularly vegetative stage), different lepidopterous larvae infesting in cruciferous crops, stem borer in millets and maize (Chilo spp.) |
Attract carnivorous birds for rest and promote prey searching; Larvicidal properties and hydrocyanic acid content of bamboo boost the pest management strategy [68] |
75 | 0.375 |
| 12 | Duck rearing | Rice | Duck rearing near rice field encourage predation | Rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera (Olivier) | Biological control agent [69] | 34 | 0.17 |
| D | Animal products and wastages | ||||||
| 13 | Cow dung slurry | Moringa | Putting the cow dung slurry on top surface of the rejuvenated moringa tree | Borer and subsequently check pathogen attack | Creates barrier and check secondary infection [53] | 66 | 0.33 |
| 14 | Putting rotten crabs or snails or dead frogs | Rice | Placement of crushed and fermented crabs or snails or dead frogs in rice field, particularly during milking stage | Gundhi bug (Leptocorisa spp.) | Acts as repellent, foul smell deter the insects [54] | 17 | 0.085 |
| 15 | Cow dung with water or cow urine | Rice | Suspended slurry application in open field during nursery stage | Thrips, Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) | Odor of cow dung and cow urine acts as repellent [70] | 21 | 0.105 |
| 16 | Chicken egg shell | Rice, sugarcane and maize | Placement of crushed eggshell as powder | Snails, molluscs, lice, beetles, rats, and ants | Eggshell powder (contain calcium carbonate) acts as repellant [71] | 22 | 0.11 |
| E | Synthetic products | ||||||
| 17 | Petrol/ kerosene application | Mango, citrus | Injecting kerosene or petrol in stem bore hole and plastered with cement or soil slurry | Mango stem borer; Batocera rufomaculata DeGeer, citrus trunk borer: Anoplophora spp. | Burning sensation, respiration choking, and killing of insect due to asphyxiation (deficiency in oxygen) [56] | 58 | 0.29 |
| 18 | Tire burning | Rice | Synthetic tire burning near rice field just before panicle initiation or milking stage | Gundhi bug (Leptocorisa spp.) | Strong smell repels the pests [72] | 17 | 0.085 |
| F | Natural resources | ||||||
| i | Pesticidal plant | ||||||
| 19 | Tobacco leaf (Nicotiana tabacum L.) extract application | Brinjal, okra, maize and pulses | Direct application of water extracts of tobacco leaves after boiling | Chewing insects (blister beetle: Mylabris phalerata, hadda beetle: Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius)), sucking pests (aphid: Aphis gossypi Glover, Rhopalosiphum maidisi (Fitch), leaf hopper: Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida, thrips: Thrips tabaci Lindeman, and borer, viz. brinjal fruit and shoot borer: Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee, early shoot borer Earias vitella Fab | Secondary plant metabolite, i.e., nicotine acts as insecticide [37] | 76 | 0.38 |
| 20 | Neem leaf (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) extract application | Cereals, pulses, vegetables (almost all crops) |
Steam decoction of neem leaves and the water extracts is sprinkled on plants after filteration with normal white cloths |
All types of insects (chewing, sucking, borer, miners etc.) | Broad spectrum insecticidal activities having insect growth disruption; oviposition suppressant and sterilant and antifeedant action [37] | 108 | 0.54 |
| 21 | Neem leaf (A. indica A. Juss.) | Stored products | Dried neem leaf placed with stored commodities | Stored grain pest, viz. rice weevil: Sitophilus oryzae L., pulse beetle: Callosobruchus spp., Angoumois grain moth: Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver), rice moth: Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) | Antifeedant and repellent action keeps the pest away [37] | 97 | 0.485 |
| 22 | Holarrhena pubescens (Buch-Ham) Wall. (Apocynaceae), [Vernacular language: (Bangla- Kurcha gachha/kuchima gachha, Kokborok- kuchimavompang)] (Fig. 2b) | Rice | Placement of twigs in rice field, particularly during vegetative stage | Leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee), stem borer: Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) | Conessine, the steroidal alkaloid has repellant action [46] | 88 | 0.44 |
| 23 | Placing of turmeric leaf (Curcuma longa L.) (Fig. 2c) | Rice | Keeping leaf in submerged rice field during vegetative stage | Leaf folder: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) | Active principles, viz. alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, terpenoids present in turmeric leaf has repellent action [73] | 69 | 0.345 |
| 24 | Dried chilli: Capsicum annum L., calotropis leaf: Calotropis gigantea (L.), tobacco leaf, curry leaf: Murraya koenigii Spreng | Stored commodities | Placing with stored grain products during packaging time for long term storage | Stored grain pests |
-Chilli, containing capsaicin component having insecticidal activity [35] -calotropis, having active toxic principle, viz. alkaloids repels the insects [36] -tobacco, nicotine as insecticide [37] -curry leaves, repellant and antifeedant action [38] |
119 | 0.595 |
| 25 |
Use of fresh branch of crofton weed, Eupatorium adhenophorusm [Vernacular language: (Bangla- pisach)] |
Paddy | Branch is cut about 1 m height and placed in rice field @100/ha | Brown plant hopper [Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)] | alkaloid compounds, terpenoids etc. [74] | 61 | 0.305 |
| ii | Miscellaneous | ||||||
| 26 | Bamboo beating or empty drum beating | Brinjal, chilli, maize rice, til, water melon, pumpkin particularly in jhum cultivation | Beating of bamboo sticks nearby field | Grain feeding birds like parrot: Psittacula spp., pigeon: Columba livia | Noisy sound threatens the bird acts as bird scarrer [75] | 45 | 0.225 |
| 27 | Dried colocasia leaves: Colocasia esculenta L., grease/castor oil or any sticky substance | Vegetable crops | Yellow dried leaves of colocasia smeared with any sticky material placed in field | White fly: Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, aphid: Aphis gossypi Glover |
Yellow color attracts the sucking pests [58] and the glued to the sticky surface and killed |
24 | 0.12 |
| 28 | Use of catapault [Vernacular language: (Bangla- guloil/gulti/gulari)] | Fruit crops or cereals crops during grain ripening stage | Throwing stones or any hard material by using catapault | Birds or animals | Scare the target organism [76] | 29 | 0.145 |
| 29 | Soil application | Maize crop | Dried soil or slurry directly applied on whorl region of maize | Fall armyworm: spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) | Unavailability of free space for movement, lack of oxygen leads to death by asphyxiation | 6 | 0.03 |
| 30 | Drying of seeds | Grains used for seed and consumption purpose | Post-harvest drying of grains by exposing to sunlight | Stored grain pests | Proper drying helps in cure of field infested commodities by killing hidden stages of insect life cycle and also reduce the moisture level to optimum level which prevents the infestation due to unfavorable state to pest [34] | 135 | 0.675 |
| 31 | Weed removal | Rice | Removal grassy weeds from rice bunds, viz. Imperita cylindrica | Brown plant hopper: Nilparvata lugens (Stal) | Destruction of alternate hosts abolish the microhabitat of insects during off season [77] | 41 | 0.205 |
| 32 | Rotation of crops | Solanaceae/cruciferaceae-pulses-cereals | Avoid monocropping and follow crop rotation procedures like pulses after rice and vegetables after pulses | Monophagous (brinjal fruit and shoot borer: Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee, rice stem borer: Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) and oligophagous pest (pulse pod borer: Maruca vitrata Fab., Cruciferous head borer: Hellula undalis (Fabricius), diamond back moth: Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) etc. | Avoiding continuous supply of food subsequently break the life cycle of particular insect [78] | 72 | 0.36 |
| 33 |
Bird scarer [Vernacular language:(Bangla: Kaktarua)] |
Rice, maize, chilli, etc. | Placement of a statue like human, i.e., human effigies (with stick, straw and clothes) in middle of the field or pseudo-human/ghost structure of different kinds using earthen painted pots are used | Grain feeder Birds | Structure threatens the birds as resemblance with human [55] | 69 | 0.345 |
| 34 | Ploughing | Potato | Deep ploughing with country plough | Potato tuber moth: Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) | Expose pupae to sunlight, dried and killed [79] | 13 | 0.065 |
| 35 | Sand over potato | Potato | Sand cover of one to two inches over potato in storage condition | Potato tuber moth: Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) | Prevents oviposition [80] | 21 | 0.105 |
| G | Mixed application | ||||||
| 36 | Lantana camara and cow dung | Vegetable cropping system | Stem decoction of L. camara mixed with cow dung is applied on plants | Aphid: A. gossypi Glover, leaf hopper: A. biguttula biguttula Ishida, thrips: T. tabaci Lindeman |
Bioactive principle of secondary metabolites repels insects [80] (synergized by cow dung) [53] |
27 | 0.135 |
| 37 | Rope pulling and kerosinized water | Rice | In water logged rice kerosene is mixed with water and rope is pulled across the field | Rice case worm: Nymphula depunctalis (Guenee) | Dislodging the pupae through rope pulling in kerosinized water killed insects | 19 | 0.095 |
| H | Local traps | ||||||
| 38 | Traditional bamboo trap with bait (Fig. 5) | Rice | Bait is placed inside the trap (made in bamboo or woods, dimension: length, 18 inches × width 4 inches) | Rodents | Luring and killing (as rats unable to move backward) [45] | 98 | 0.49 |
| I | Storage structures | ||||||
| 39 |
Granary: Storage structure (Fig. 3d,g) |
Rice | Bamboo plastered with cow dung or mud slurry using in storage purpose (man height structure in varying dimension) and on the top of which branches with leaves of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium or Calotropis spp were placed | Rice weevil: Sitophilus oryzae L., rice grain moth: Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver) | Well-plastered bamboo prevents entry of insect pests and maintain proper aeration, and the leaves having repellant activities [81] | 107 | 0.535 |