Table 1.
Reported cases of acute acalculous cholecystitis due to infectious causes
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Laboratory investigation
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Infectious ACC | |||||||||||
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Ref.
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Age (yr)
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Sex
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Immunocompromised
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Pathogen
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CCY
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Stool culture
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Blood culture
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Bile culture
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Serology
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Histopathology1
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Tissue PCR
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IHC
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|
| Garrido-Benedicto et al[40], 1994 | 15 | M | - | Salmonella spp. | - | + | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Ruiz-Rebollo et al[41], 2008 | 27 | M | - | Salmonella enterica | - | + | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Khan et al[42], 2009 | 31 | M | - | Salmonella enterica | - | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Rajan et al[43], 2014 | 23 | F | - | Salmonella enterica | + | NP | + | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | Probable |
| Lianos et al[44], 2019 | 32 | M | - | Salmonella enterica | + | + | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Mourani et al[9], 1994 | 68 | M | - | HAV | + | NP | NP | NP | + | + | NP | + | Proven |
| Suresh et al[45], 2009 | 2,5 | F | - | HAV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Prashanth et al[46], 2012 | 12 | F | - | HAV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Kaya et al[47], 2013 | 31 | F | - | HAV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Hinnant et al[10], 1989 | 32 | M | HIV | CMV, Cryptosporidium spp. | + | NP | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | Proven |
| Hinnant et al[10], 1989 | 44 | M | HIV | CMV, Cryptosporidium spp. | + | + | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | Proven |
| Riediger et al[11], 2013 | 60 | F | Renal transplantation | CMV | + | NP | NP | NP | + | + | NP | + | Proven |
| Agholi et al[12], 2016 | 25 | F | Corticosteroid therapy | Cystoisospora belli | + | + | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | Proven |
| Agholi et al[12], 2016 | 35 | M | HIV | Cystoisospora belli | + | + | NP | NP | NP | + | + | NP | Proven |
| Agholi et al[14], 2014 | 28 | F | HIV | Sarcocystis spp. | + | + | NP | NP | NP | + | + | NP | Proven |
| Zar et al[15], 2001 | 35 | M | HIV | Cyclospora cayetanensis | + | + | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | + | Proven |
| Knapp et al[16], 1996 | 37 | M | HIV | Enterocytozoon bieneusi | + | + | NP | + | NP | + | NP | NP | Proven |
| Shinha et al[17], 2015 | 38 | M | HIV | Histoplasma capsulatum | + | NP | NP | + | NP | + | NP | NP | Proven |
| Chen et al[18], 2008 | 36 | M | HIV | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | + | NP | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | Proven |
| Takeshita et al[20], 2006 | 64 | M | - | HBV | + | NP | NP | NP | + | + | NP | NP | Probable |
| Unal et al[48], 2009 | 49 | F | - | HBV | - | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Meier et al[22], 2005 | NA | NA | - | HCV | + | NP | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | Probable |
| Wright et al[49], 2019 | 33 | M | - | HCV | + | NP | NP | NP | + | + | NP | NP | Probable |
| Ono et al[23], 2018 | 54 | Μ | Lymphocytic leukemia | Zika virus | + | NP | NP | NP | NP | + | + | NP | Proven2 |
| Guarner et al[24], 2001 | 29 | F | - | Leptospira | + | NP | NP | NP | + | + | NP | + | Proven |
| Guarner et al[24], 2001 | 60 | M | - | Leptospira | + | NP | NP | NP | + | + | NP | + | Proven |
| Walker et al[25], 1985 | 71 | F | - | Rickettsia rickettsii | + | NP | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | + | Proven |
| Spernovasilis et al[50], 2017 | 54 | M | - | Rickettsia typhi | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Araki et al[28], 2017 | 70 | M | Immunosuppressive agents | Giardia lamblia | - | + | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | Proven3 |
| Colle et al[29], 2002 | 25 | F | - | Echinococcus granulosus | + | NP | NP | NP | + | + | NP | NP | Probable |
| Saha et al[51], 2005 | 7 | F | - | Plasmodium falciparum | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible4 |
| Curley et al[33], 2011 | 26 | M | - | Plasmodium vivax | - | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | Possible4 |
| Harris et al[32], 2013 | 59 | M | - | Plasmodium malariae | - | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | Possible4 |
| Dinulos et al[35], 1994 | 4 | M | - | EBV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Dinulos et al[35], 1994 | 16 | M | - | EBV | + | NP | NP | NP | + | + | NP | - | Probable |
| Lagona et al[52], 2007 | 4 | F | - | EBV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Iaria et al[30], 2007 | 18 | F | - | EBV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Prassouli et al[53], 2007 | 13 | F | - | EBV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Attilakos et al[54], 2008 | 5 | M | - | EBV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Gagneux-Brunon et al[55], 2014 | 18 | F | - | EBV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Gagneux-Brunon et al[55], 2014 | 20 | F | - | EBV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Agergaard et al[34], 2014 | 34 | F | - | EBV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Alkhoury et al[56], 2014 | 15 | F | - | EBV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Yesilbag et al[57], 2017 | 30 | F | - | EBV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Ntelis et al[36], 2019 | 15 | F | - | EBV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Alhassan et al[39], 2020 | 40 | F | - | SARS-CoV-2 | - | NP | - | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Andriopoulos et al[58], 2002 | 72 | M | - | Brucella melitensis | + | NP | + | + | + | + | NP | NP | Probable |
| Hariz et al[59], 2019 | 62 | F | - | Brucella melitensis | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Figtree et al[60], 2010 | 38 | M | - | Coxiella burnetii | + | NP | NP | NP | + | + | + | NP | Proven |
| Rolain et al[61], 2013 | 71 | M | - | Coxiella burnetii | + | NP | NP | NP | + | + | NP | - | Probable |
| Wu et al[62], 2003 | NA | NA | - | Dengue fever virus | + | NP | NP | NP | + | + | NP | NP | Probable |
| Marasinghe et al[63], 2010 | 29 | F | - | Dengue fever virus | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Hayakawa et al[64], 2011 | 72 | F | - | Orientia tsutsugamushi | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Mahapatra et al[65], 2019 | 57 | F | - | Ehrlichia chaffeensis | + | NP | NP | NP | + | + | + | - | Proven |
| Kurtovic et al[66], 2004 | 74 | F | CVID | VZV | - | NP | NP | NP | + | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| Udayakumar et al[67], 2009 | 35 | F | - | Campylobacter jejuni | + | + | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
| West et al[68], 1998 | 55 | F | - | Vibrio cholerae | + | NP | + | + | NP | + | NP | NP | Probable |
| Szvalb et al[69], 2019 | 39 | F | Acute myelocytic leukemia | Fusarium spp. | - | NP | + | + | NP | NP | NP | NP | Possible |
Histopathology is considered positive if inflammation is present or if the pathogen is identified.
Zika virus was also identified using electron microscopy.
Giardia was identified using bile duct brush cytology and biopsy of the hilar bile duct stricture.
The parasites were detected through peripheral smear.
Proven: Cases in which cholecystectomy was performed, inflammation of the gallbladder was demonstrated, and the causative pathogen of acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) was identified using histopathology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on tissue specimen or immunohistochemistry (IHC); Probable: Cases in which the causative pathogen of AAC was identified using stool/blood/bile culture or serological methods, cholecystectomy was undertaken and inflammation of the gallbladder was demonstrated, but histopathology, PCR on tissue specimen or IHC were not performed or were negative for pathogens; Possible: Cases in which the causative pathogen of AAC was identified using stool/blood/bile culture or serological methods but cholecystectomy was not performed. CCY: Cholecystectomy; NP: Not performed; NA: Not available; CVID: Common variable immune deficiency; HAV: Hepatitis A virus; CMV: Cytomegalovirus; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; VZV: Varicella zoster virus.