TABLE 1.
In vitro antibacterial activity of various garlic products and compounds.
| Source | Bacteria | References |
| Crude or fresh garlic extract | S. aureus E. coli S. typhi L. monocytogenes MDR STEC C. jejuni Vibrio parahaemolyticus Mycobacterium species MRSA Bacillus subtilis S. mutans C. difficile C. perfringens Bacteroides species Lactobacillus casei MDR P. aeruginosa MDR K. pneumoniae MDR Serratia marcescens | Kumar and Berwal, 1998; Vuddhakul et al., 2007; Dakka, 2011; Lu et al., 2011a; Viswanathan et al., 2014; Jain et al., 2015b; Roshan et al., 2017; Farrag et al., 2019 |
| Garlic powder | S. typhimurium E. coli H. pylori B. cereus E. coli (O55, O128, and O112) Shigella species Vibrio species Yersinia enterocolitica L. monocytogenes S. enterica Campylobacter species Bacteroides fragilis B. subtilis Enterobacter aerogenes Enterococcus faecalis Klebsiella aerogenes Proteus vulgaris Lactobacillus acidophilus Streptococcus faecalis S. mutans Streptococcus pyogenes | Johnson and Vaughn, 1969; O’Gara et al., 2000; Ross et al., 2001 |
| Garlic paste | E. coli O157:H7 | Gupta and Ravishankar, 2005 |
| Aqueous garlic extract | B. cereus MDR Shigella species MDR E. coli H. pylori S. aureus Bacillus sphaericus S. epidermidis E. aerogenes P. aeruginosa S. typhi S. pneumoniae K. pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes Sh. species E. coli Proteus species H. influenzae S. mutans MDR S. mutans Streptococcus species Actinomyces naeslundii E. faecalis | Saleem and Al-Delaimy, 1982; Chowdhury et al., 1991; Cellini et al., 1996; Sivam et al., 1997; Arora and Kaur, 1999; Dikasso et al., 2002; Iwalokun et al., 2004; Bakri and Douglas, 2005; Ruddock et al., 2005; Fani et al., 2007; Gupta et al., 2010; Gull et al., 2012; Meriga et al., 2012; Velliyagounder et al., 2012; Mozaffari Nejad et al., 2014; Wallock-Richards et al., 2014; Pavlovic et al., 2017; Jang et al., 2018 |
| Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Prevotella intermedia Prevotella nigrescens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum Leptotrichia buccalis N. gonorrhoeae MDR M. tuberculosis M. tuberculosis B. subtilis Burkholderia cepacia complex Proteus mirabilis Salmonella enteritidis | ||
| Ethanolic garlic extract | H. pylori M. tuberculosis MDR M. tuberculosis E. coli Enterobacter species P. aeruginosa Proteus species Klebsiella species S. aureus Bacillus species VRSA S. pneumoniae B. cereus K. pneumoniae S. mutans Proteus mirabilis Salmonella enteritidis E. aerogenes E. faecalis Lactobacillus paracasei Lactobacillus rhamnosus MRSA S. epidermidis Streptococcus oralis Streptococcus sanguis Streptococcus sobrinos Eikenella corrodens | Hannan et al., 2011; Karuppiah and Rajaram, 2012; Snowden et al., 2014; Jain et al., 2015a; Liaqat et al., 2015; Mohsenipour and Hassanshahian, 2015; Pavlovic et al., 2017; Vlachojannis et al., 2018 |
| Methanolic garlic extract | E. coli P. aeruginosa S. aureus E. aerogenes E. faecalis Proteus mirabilis Salmonella enteritidis | Pavlovic et al., 2017 |
| Chloroform garlic extract | B. cereus S. mutans | Jain et al., 2015a; Jang et al., 2018 |
| Hexane garlic waste extract | S. aureus MRSA | Nakamoto et al., 2020 |
| Garlic oil | M. tuberculosis H. pylori S. aureus MRSA B. cereus E. coli (O55, O128, and O112) Shigella species Vibrio species Yersinia enterocolitica L. monocytogenes | Jain, 1998; Avato et al., 2000; O’Gara et al., 2000; Ross et al., 2001; Tsao S. and Yin, 2001; Tsao S.M. and Yin, 2001; Kim et al., 2004; Casella et al., 2013; Robyn et al., 2013; Mnayer et al., 2014; Viswanathan et al., 2014 |
| S. enterica Campylobacter species Bacteroides fragilis E. aerogenes E. faecalis K. aerogenes P. vulgaris L. acidophilus S. faecalis S. mutans S. pyogenes K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa MDR K. pneumoniae MDR P. aeruginosa S. typhi C. jejuni | ||
| Ajoene | B. cereus B. subtilis S. aureus Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium phlei M. tuberculosis M. luteus L. plantarum Streptococcus species Streptomyces griseus E. coli K. pneumoniae P. Aeruginosa X. maltophilia Cronobacter sakazakii | Naganawa et al., 1996; Yoshida et al., 1998; Feng et al., 2014; Viswanathan et al., 2014 |
| Z-10-devinylajoene and iso-E-10-devinylajoene | B. cereus B. subtilis S. aureus M. phlei M. luteus E. coli K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa X. maltophilia | Yoshida et al., 1998, 1999 |
| Diallyl sulfide (DAS) | H. pylori S. aureus MRSA K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa S. typhimurium E. coli O157:H7 L. monocytogenes Staphylococcus aureus C. jejuni A. actinomycetemcomitans Cronobacter sakazakii | O’Gara et al., 2000; Tsao S. and Yin, 2001; Tsao S.M. and Yin, 2001; Yin and Cheng, 2003; Lu et al., 2011a, b; Velliyagounder et al., 2012; Feng et al., 2014 |
| Diallyl disulfide (DADS) | H. pylori Clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori Metronidazole-resistant H. pylori S. aureus MRSA K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa | O’Gara et al., 2000; Tsao S. and Yin, 2001; Tsao S.M. and Yin, 2001; Yin and Cheng, 2003; Liu et al., 2008; Lu et al., 2011a; Casella et al., 2013; Robyn et al., 2013 |
| S. typhimurium E. coli E. coli O157:H7 L. monocytogenes Staphylococcus aureus C. jejuni | ||
| Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) | H. pylori Clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori Metronidazole-resistant H. pylori S. aureus MRSA K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa Leuconostoc mesenteroides Pediococcus pentosaceus Lactobacillus plantarum C. jejuni | O’Gara et al., 2000; Tsao S. and Yin, 2001; Tsao S.M. and Yin, 2001; Kim et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2008; Lu et al., 2011a |
| Diallyl tetrasulfide (DATTS) | H. pylori S. aureus MRSA K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa | O’Gara et al., 2000; Tsao S. and Yin, 2001; Tsao S.M. and Yin, 2001 |
| Mixture of diallyl sulfides (DASS) | E. aerogenes E. coli S. enterica S. sonnei L. monocytogenes Y. enterocolitica M. tuberculosis | Ross et al., 2001; Oosthuizen et al., 2017 |
| Dimethyl trisulfide | E. aerogenes E. coli S. enterica S. sonnei L. monocytogenes Y. enterocolitica S. aureus L. mesenteroides P. pentosaceus L. plantarum | Ross et al., 2001; Kim et al., 2004 |
| Ally methyl sulfide (AMS) | Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae | Becker et al., 2012 |
| Allicin | S. aureus MRSA Streptococcus species Bacillus species V. cholerae M. tuberculosis Mycobacterium species Enterococci species H. pylori S. epidermidis Methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis Lancefield group B streptococci E. coli A. actinomycetemcomitans C. jejuni Bcc C. difficile P. aeruginosa S. pyogenes | Cavallito and Bailey, 1944a; Rao et al., 1946a, b; Delaha and Garagusi, 1985; Jonkers et al., 1999a; O’Gara et al., 2000; Perez-Giraldo et al., 2003; Canizares et al., 2004b; Cutler and Wilson, 2004; Cutler et al., 2009; Fujisawa et al., 2009; Velliyagounder et al., 2012; Robyn et al., 2013; Wallock-Richards et al., 2014; Roshan et al., 2017, 2018; Fuchs et al., 2018 |