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Plasma 25(OH) vitamin D decrease and PARP1 activation in patients with PD. 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations in plasma determined by ELISA (A). (PD patients, n = 25; healthy controls, n = 15). The expressions of PARP1 and cleaved-PARP1 fragments of 89, 40, and 25 kD in plasma were detected by western blotting (B). Quantification of PARP-1 expressions and cleaved-PARP1 expression (C). (n = 6). Data are shown as mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
