Table 4.

Coping.

Variable	Working place					0ccupation Of HPDE
	HPDE	HPOF	Cohen's d	t- value	p-value	Doctor	Nurse	Cohen's d	t- value	p-value
Acceptance	3.49 ± 0.6	3.60 ± 0.5	0.19	−2.49	0.01*	3.57 ± 0.5	3.42 ± 0.6	0.17	2.28	0.23
Active coping	3.57 ± 0.6	3.71 ± 0.6	0.25	−3.31	0.00*	3.67 ± 0.6	3.48 ± 0.7	0.30	3.95	0.00*
Positive reframing	3.27 ± 0.7	3.32 ± 0.7	0.07	−0.88	0.38	3.29 ± 0.7	3.26 ± 0.7	0.02	−0.30	0.77
Planning	3.23 ± 0.7	3.30 ± 0.8	0.10	−1.40	0.16	3.35 ± 0.7	3.11 ± 0.77	0.32	4.36	0.00*
emotional support	1.35 ± 0.6	1.20 ± 0.5	0.32	4.29	0.00*	1.25 ± 0.6	1.44 ± 0.7	0.31	−4.15	0.00*
Humor	1.67 ± 0.74	1.43 ± 0.7	0.35	4.68	0.00*	1.74 ± 0.8	1.61 ± 0.7	0.12	1.55	0.12
instrumental support	2.44 ± 0.8	2.30 ± 0.8	0.17	2.33	0.02*	2.41 ± 0.8	2.48 ± 0.8	0.20	−2.70	0.01
Venting	2.25 ± 0.8	1.92 ± 0.7	0.44	5.90	0.00*	2.22 ± 0.8	2.28 ± 0.8	0.02	−0.32	0.00*
Self-distraction	2.87 ± 1.0	2.30 ± 1.1	0.55	7.45	0.00*	2.76 ± 1.0	2.97 ± 1.0	0.41	−5.49	0.00*
Religion	1.67 ± 0.6	1.58 ± 0.6	0.16	2.18	0.03*	1.67 ± 0.7	1.67 ± 0.6	0.13	−1.70	0.10
Self-blame	1.71 ± 0.7	1.57 ± 0.6	0.22	2.90	0.00*	1.61 ± 0.7	1.82 ± 0.8	0.14	1.86	0.06
Denial	2.43 ± 0.9	2.15 ± 0.9	0.32	4.29	0.00*	2.36 ± 1.0	2.48 ± 0.9	0.29	−3.95	0.00*
Behavioral disengagement	1.22 ± 0.5	1.11 ± 0.4	0.26	3.43	0.00*	1.18 ± 0.5	1.25 ± 0.5	0.13	−1.34	0.18
Substance use	1.29 ± 0.6	1.16 ± 0.4	0.25	3.35	0.00*	1.34 ± 0.7	1.26 ± 0.6	0.13	1.24	0.22

HPDE, frontline healthcare providers who had been dispatched to the epicenter of COVID-19 in China; HPOF, frontline healthcare providers in the original medical facility.

Scores ranged from 1 to 4. Scores were shown as Mean ± SD.

^*P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Reliabilities (Cronbach's α) for the above 14 dimensions were (0.73, 0.73, 0.73, 0.73, 0.70, 0.73,0.69,0.70,0.72,0.72,0.72,0.73,0.73, and 0.73).