Table 5.

Association between IES-R scores with appraisal and coping variables, in multivariable linear regression analysis with IES-R as dependent variable (N = 723).

Adjust	HPDE		HPOF
Predictor variable	β (95%CI)	p-value	β (95%CI)	p-value
Appraisal
Health of self	1.82 (0.26, 3.37)	0.02*	1.20 (−0.11, 2.51)	0.07
Health of family/others	2.43 (0.48, 4.38)	0.02*	1.58 (−0.39, 3.56)	0.12
Virus spread	3.92 (1.49, 6.34)	0.00*	4.85 (1.70, 8.00)	0.00*
Vulnerability or loss of control	0.28 (−1.49, 2.06)	0.76	0.24 (−1.24, 1.73)	0.75
Changes in work	1.15 (−0.08, 2.39)	0.07	1.00 (−0.06, 2.06)	0.07
Being isolated	0.73 (−1.72, 3.19)	0.56	2.65 (0.34, 4.95)	0.02*
Coping
Acceptance	2.13 (0.04, 4.22)	0.04*	1.63 (0.39, 2.87)	0.01*
Active coping	−2.28 (−3.63, −0.93)	0.00*	−1.58 (−3.08, −0.08)	0.04*
Positive reframing	−2.08 (−3.45, −0.71)	0.00*	−1.49 (−3.00, 0.02)	0.05
Planning	0.28 (−1.49, 2.06)	0.76	0.24 (−1.24, 1.73)	0.75
emotional support	−1.16 (−2.27, −0.05)	0.04*	−0.07 (−2.10, 1.95)	0.94
Humor	0.28 (−1.64, 2.20)	0.77	−0.02 (−1.62, 1.58)	0.98
instrumental support	1.23 (−1.60, 4.07)	0.39	0.05 (−1.98, 2.09)	0.96
Venting	3.55 (2.06, 5.04)	0.00*	2.39 (0.87, 3.92)	0.00*
Self-distraction	−0.71 (−2.77, 1.35)	0.50	1.24 (−0.64, 3.11)	0.20
Religion	0.85 (−1.10, 2.80)	0.40	−0.66 (−3.19, 1.88)	0.61
Self-blame	2.97 (1.26, 4.68)	0.00*	1.66 (−0.13, 3.46)	0.07
Denial	2.24 (0.25, 4.23)	0.03*	2.20 (−0.09, 4.50)	0.06
Behavioral disengagement	−0.18 (−2.36, 2.00)	0.87	0.86 (−0.97, 2.69)	0.36
Substance use	2.43 (0.48, 4.38)	0.02*	1.58 (−0.39, 3.56)	0.12

HDPE, frontline healthcare providers who had been dispatched to the epicenter of COVID-19 in China; β, standardized β coefficient; CI, confidence interval.

Adjust the model for age, sex, marriage, and occupation.

^*P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.