Table 1. Characteristics of the EPIPREG sample.
| Variable | N | Europeans, n = 312 | South Asians, n = 168 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 480 | 30.1 (4.6) | 28.2 (4.6) |
| Weeks’ gestation | 480 | 28.1 (1.2) | 28.2 (1.2) |
| Height (cm) | 480 | 167.4 (5.8) | 159.9 (5.7) |
| Smoking status | 476 | ||
| Current | 20 (6.5) | 1 (0.6) | |
| 3 months pre-pregnancy | 80 (25.9) | 2 (1.2) | |
| Former* | 87 (28.2) | 9 (5.4) | |
| Never | 122 (39.5) | 155 (92.8) | |
| Pre-pregnancy alcohol intake, n (%) | 472 | 234 (76.2) | 5 (3.0) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 474 | 24.6 (4.9) | 23.8 (4.1) |
| Actual BMI (kg/m2) | 478 | 27.8 (4.7) | 26.8 (4.1) |
| Total fat (%) | 465 | 29.6 (9.7) | 26.2 (8.2) |
| Truncal fat (%) | 465 | 15.9 (5.5) | 14.0 (5.4) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 480 | 107.0 (9.6) | 101.1 (8.7) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 480 | 68.4 (7.1) | 66.1 (6.9) |
| First degree relative with diabetes | 474 | 43 (14.0) | 79 (47.3) |
| GDM (WHO2013), n (%) | 480 | 76 (24.4) | 70 (41.7) |
| GDM (WHO1999), n (%) | 478 | 37 (11.9) | 25 (15.1) |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 480 | 4.7 (0.6) | 5.0 (0.6) |
| 2 hour glucose (mmol/L) | 477 | 6.0 (1.4) | 6.4 (1.5) |
| HbA1c (%) | 475 | 5.1 (0.3) | 5.3 (0.3) |
| Fasting Insulin (pmol/L) | 474 | 48.0 [33.0, 70.2] | 71.0 [57.0, 100.5] |
| Fasting C-peptide (pmol/L) | 474 | 712.0 [560.2, 901.8] | 855.5 [688.0, 1067.5] |
| HOMA-B | 474 | 173.2 [151.3, 199.7] | 179.1 [154.9, 207.9] |
| HOMA-IR | 474 | 1.5 [1.2, 1.9] | 1.8 [1.4, 2.3] |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 480 | 6.4 (1.1) | 6.0 (1.0) |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 480 | 1.9 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.4) |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 473 | 3.7 (1.0) | 3.3 (0.9) |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 480 | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.0 (0. |
| Folate (nmol/l) | 471 | 13.0 [9.9, 18.0] | 12.0 [9.4, 16.0] |
| Vitamin D (μmol/L) | 472 | 69.9 (27.8) | 45.6 (22.2) |
| Leptin (μmol/L) | 476 | 1599.5 [966.9, 2497.7] | 2276.9 [1532.8, 3295.8] |
| Folate (nmol/l) | 471 | 13.0 [9.9, 18.0] | 12.0 [9.4, 16.0] |
| Vitamin B12 (μmol/L) | 472 | 211.0 [169.2, 253.0] | 186.0 [150.0, 232.2] |
| Sedentary time (hours/day)** | 382 | 18 (1.6) | 17.8 (1.7) |
| Light physical activity (hours/day)** | 382 | 4.3 (1.3) | 4.6 (1.3) |
| Moderate-intense physical activity (hours/day)** | 382 | 1.0 [0.7, 1.5] | 0.8 [0.5, 1.2] |
| Offspring data | |||
| Gestational age (days) | 475 | 280.9 (11.7) | 277.1 (12.6) |
| Female sex, n (%) | 462 | 147 (49.0) | 79 (48.8) |
| Birth weight (g) | 472 | 3582.2 (529.4) | 3211.7 (512.2) |
| Birth length (cm) | 432 | 50.1 (2.3) | 49.3 (2.2) |
| Neonatal sum of skinfolds (mm) | 359 | 18.8 (4.0) | 17.0 (3.6) |
Data from gestational visit 2 for cross-sectional associations with DNA methylation data, otherwise specified. Data are presented in mean (SD) for normally distributed variables and median [IQR] for non-normal variables. Categorical variables are presented by frequency (%). Despite 8 individuals did not pass the QC procedure, the data of the 480 individuals are presented for informative purposes. WHO = World health organization. GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus. BMI = body mass index. HDL = high-density lipoproteins. LDL = low-density lipoproteins.
* Ex-smokers and occasional smokers who did not smoke 3 months before pregnancy,
* *Women with at least one valid day of registered physical activity (Armband).