Table 3. Factors associated with A) Death or admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU); and B) Prolonged hospitalization: Unadjusted risk ratios from modified Poisson regression.
| Clinical characteristics | A: Death or ICU admission (n = 16) | B: Prolonged hospitalization1 (n = 19) |
|---|---|---|
| Birth characteristics | Risk ratio | Risk ratio |
| Male | 1.10 (0.40–3.03) | 2.66 (0.81–8.81) |
| Pre-term | 3.02 (1.18–7.69) | 3.23 (1.37–7.57) |
| Low birth weight | 1.98 (0.78–5.05) | 3.51 (1.50–8.22) |
| HIV unexposed | 1 | 1 |
| HIV exposed, uninfected | 0.91 (0.31–2.68) | 3.74 (1.60–8.72) |
| HIV infected | (unable) | (unable) |
| Exposures | ||
| Maternal education, n(%) | ||
| Primary only | 1 | 1 |
| Some secondary | 1.66 (0.23–12.22) | 1.00 (0.25–4.07) |
| Completed secondary | 1.29 (0.16–10.34) | 0.65 (0.11–3.42) |
| Household crowding: 6 or more in house | 0.59 (0.20–1.75) | 0.46 (0.16–1.36) |
| Maternal smoking: Active smoker2 | 2.32 (0.71–7.65) | 1.33 (0.45–3.95) |
| Never breastfed | 0.46 (0.06–3.34) | 3.19 (1.35–7.54) |
| PM10: Above ambient standard | 3.17 (0.38–26.46) | 1.59 (0.32–7.85) |
| Late or missing vaccinations | 1.40 (0.31–6.24) | (unable) |
| WHO danger signs | ||
| Unable to feed | 3.38 (1.12–10.15) | 2.74 (0.94–8.04) |
| Decreased level of consciousness | 6.00 (1.99–18.10) | 4.94 (1.68–14.58) |
| Vomiting everything | (unable) | (unable) |
| Convulsions | (unable) | 3.13 (0.59–16.52) |
| Central cyanosis | (unable) | (unable) |
| Any WHO danger sign | 3.29 (1.20–9.04) | 1.85 (0.60–5.70) |
| Clinical | ||
| Age: over 2 months | 1 | |
| Under 2 months | 3.47 (1.36–8.83) | |
| Duration of illness prior to presentation, days | 0.83 (0.64–1.08) | 0.78 (0.58–1.04) |
| Underweight for age3 | 2.46 (0.97–6.21) | 5.33 (2.14–13.27) |
| Stunted4 | 1.58 (0.62–4.02) | 2.71 (1.12–6.56) |
| Wasted5 | 0.62 (0.08–4.55) | 2.29 (0.83–6.36) |
| Grunting | 2.50 (0.95–6.58) | 1.73 (0.71–4.25) |
| Head nodding | 1.21 (0.30–4.94) | 1.00 (0.25–4.00) |
| Cough not observed | 1.43 (0.52–3.95) | 1.53 (0.64–3.68) |
| Pyrexia >38°C on presentation | 0.30 (0.09–1.04) | 0.70 (0.29–1.71) |
| Severe tachycardia6 | 0.69 (0.26–1.82) | 1.97 (0.81–4.77) |
| Respiratory rate | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) |
| Severe tachypnoea7 | 0.87 (0.34–2.24) | 0.82 (0.34–1.93) |
| Lower chest indrawing | 1.12 (0.27–4.64) | 1.36 (0.33–5.54) |
| Wheeze | 0.89 (0.35–2.27) | 0.99 (0.42–2.32) |
| Hypoxic (saturation <92%) | 3.08 (1.15–8.25) | 1.85 (0.79–4.30) |
| Chest radiograph findings | ||
| No consolidation | 1 | 1 |
| Other infiltrate | 0.29 (0.03–3.11) | 2.32 (0.27–20.12) |
| Primary end point consolidation | 3.38 (0.80–14.31) | 7.88 (1.07–57.81) |
| Laboratory features | ||
| C reactive protein | ||
| < 40mg/L | 1 | 1 |
| ≥40 mg/L | 2.41 (0.82–7.11) | 3.00 (1.26–7.16) |
| White cell count | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) |
| Neutrophil count | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) |
| Neutrophil percentage | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 1.10 (0.76–1.59) | 0.84 (0.66–1.08) |
1. Prolonged hospitalization: Duration of hospitalization >90th centile, by age category.
2. Based on antenatal urine cotinine: Non smoker/passive smoker <500ng/ml; active smoker ≥ 500 ng/m.
3. Weight for age <-2 Z score.
4. Length for age <-2 Z score.
5. Weight for length <-2 score.
6. Heart rate >99th centile for age.
7. Respiratory rate >99th centile for age.