Table 1.

Sample Characteristics (Overall and by Physical Multimorbidity)

	Physical multimorbiditya
Characteristic	Overall	No	Yes	p Valueb
Social participation index scorec, mean (SD)	1.85 (2.39)	2.08 (2.49)	1.76 (2.27)	<.001
Age (years), mean (SD)	72.6 (11.5)	71.2 (10.6)	73.2 (11.5)	<.001
Sex
Male	45.1	52.8	40.6	<.001
Female	54.9	47.2	59.4
Wealth
Poorest	21.8	20.3	22.6	.019
Poorer	21.0	19.5	21.9
Middle	20.4	19.1	21.1
Richer	17.4	18.3	16.8
Richest	19.5	22.8	17.6
Education
Primary	63.5	65.4	62.4	.172
Secondary	30.0	27.4	31.5
Tertiary	6.5	7.1	6.1
Marital status
Married/cohabiting	60.8	67.8	56.8	<.001
Never married	1.2	1.1	1.3
Separated/divorced/widowed	38.0	31.2	41.9
Living alone
No	83.5	87.7	81.1	<.001
Yes	16.5	12.3	18.9
Body mass index (kg/m2)
18.5–24.9	46.3	52.5	42.7	<.001
25.0–29.9	23.6	20.2	25.6
≥30	10.3	7.2	12.2
<18.5	19.7	20.2	19.5
Low physical activity
No	65.7	71.5	62.4	<.001
Yes	34.3	28.5	37.6
Smoking
Never	62.0	59.7	63.3	.001
Current	29.5	33.2	27.4
Former	8.5	7.1	9.3
Alcohol consumption
Never	67.7	70.0	66.3	.095
Nonheavy	30.0	27.3	31.6
Heavy	2.4	2.7	2.1
Loneliness
No	85.5	92.1	81.7	<.001
Yes	14.5	7.9	18.3
Depression
No	93.4	98.3	90.6	<.001
Yes	6.6	1.7	9.4

Notes: Data are % unless otherwise stated.

^aPhysical multimorbidity referred to two or more chronic physical conditions. ^bp Value was calculated by Student’s t tests and chi-squared test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. ^cThe social participation index score ranged from 0 to 10 with higher scores representing higher levels of social participation.