Fig. 1.

Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (solid lines) and their 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines) for all-cause mortality (A and C) and for all fatal combined with non-fatal cardiovascular (CV) events (B and D) by cut-off points ranging from the 5th to 95th percentile for the sleep-through (A and B) and pre-awakening (C and D) morning surge in systolic blood pressure in 5645 subjects. The hazard ratios express the risk in subjects whose morning surge exceeds the cut-off point compared to the average risk in the whole study population and were adjusted for cohort, sex, age, body mass index, smoking and drinking, serum cholesterol, history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, antihypertensive drug treatment, 24-hour systolic blood pressure, and the systolic night-to-day blood pressure ratio. Reproduced with permission from reference 12.