Table 1.

List of herbs having memory and cognition enhancing properties.

Sl. No.	Botanical name	Genus Family	Common name	Parts used	Active constituents	Reference
1	Acorus calamus	Acorus Aracaceae	Sweet flag	Rhizomes	1.α- and β-Asarone 2.Methyl isougenol	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
2	Allium sativum	Allium Amaryllidaceae	Garlic	Bulb	(S)-allyl-l-cysteine	Semwal et al., 2014
3	Amberboa ramosa	Amberboa Asteraceae			Sesquiterpene lactones: •Amberin •Amberbin A •Amberbin B •Amberbin C	Ibrahim et al., 2013
4	Asparagus racemosus	Asparagus Asparagaceae	Shatavari	Roots	Triterpene saponins: Shatavarin I-IV	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
5	Bacopa monnieri	Bacopa Plantaginaceae	Brahmi	Whole plant	Bacosides A and B	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
6	Butea monosperma	Butea Fabaceae	Palash	Leaves		Malik et al., 2013
7	Camellia sinensis	Camellia Theaceae	Green tea	Leaves	1.Flavanoids –Epigalactocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) 2.Isoflavone diadzein	Shiksharthi et al., 2011; Compas, 2006
8	Celastrus paniculatus	Celastrus Celastraceae	Jyotishmati	Seeds	Alkalloids: Celastrine, Paniculatin, Calapagone, Calapanigine etc	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
9	Centella asiatica	Centella Apiaceae	Thankuni	Whole plant	1.Triterpenic pentacyclic saponins: Madicasoside 2.Asiaticoside 3.Brahmoside	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
10	Clitoria ternatea	Clitoria Fabaceae	Aparajita	Roots	1.Histidine 2.Threonine 3.Tannin	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
11	Coeloglossum viride	Coeloglossum Orchidaceae	Frog orchid	Rhizomes		Martha, 2010
12	Convolvulus pluricaulis	Convolvulus Convolvulaceae	Shankh pushpin	Whole plant	Flavanoids	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
13	Coriandrum sativum	Coriandrum Apiaceae	Corriander	Leaves and Seeds		Parle and Vasudevan, 2009
14	Cornus officinalis	Cornus Cornaceae	Japanese cornel	Fruits	Cornel iridoid glycosides (CIG): •Loganin, •(7R)-O-methylmorroniside •(7S)-O-methylmorroniside	Zhao et al., 2010a, Zhao et al., 2010b
15	Corydalis ternata	Corydalis Papaveraceae	Nakai	Tuber	Alkaloids: •Protopine •Protoberberin	Kim et al., 1999
16	Crocus sativus	Crocus Iridaceae	Saffron	Whole plant	1.Crocin 2.Crocetin	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
17	Curcuma longa	Curcuma Zingiberaceae	Turmeric	Rhizomes	1.Curcuminoids: Curcumin, Bisdemethoxycurcumin, Demethoxycurcumin 2.Calebin-A	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
18	Cyperus rotundus	Cyperus Cyperaceae	Java grass	Rhizomes		(Sunil et al., 2011; Kumar et al., 2012a, Kumar et al., 2012b)
19	Dendrobium moniliforme	Dendrobium Orchidaceae	Sekkoku	Whole plant
20	Eclipta alba	Eclipta Astearaceae	Bhringaraj	Leaves	1)α-Amyrin 2)Seclabatin 3)Urosilic acid 4)Oleanoic acid 5)Ecliptasaponin	Bhaskar and Chintamaneni, 2014
21	Embelia ribes	Embelia Primulaceae	Black pepper	Roots
22	Euphrasia officinalis	Euphrasia Orobanchaceae		Powdered herb	1.Iridoid glycosides: Aucubin, Catalpol, Euphosid 2.Tannins 3.Flavonoids	Sticher and Salama, 1981
23	Foeniculum vulgare	Foeniculum Apiaceae	Fennel	Whole plant		Joshi and Parle, 2006a, Joshi and Parle, 2006b, Joshi and Parle, 2006c
24	Gastrodia elata	Gastrodia Orchidaceae	Gastrodia tuber	Root	1.P-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) 2.Gastrodins	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
25	Ginkgo biloba	Ginkgo Ginkoaceae	Ginkgo	Leaves	1.Flavanoids 2.Terpenoids 3.Kaempferol 4.Quercetin 5.Terepene lactones- Ginkolides 6.Bilobalide	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
26	Glycyrrhiza glabra	Glycyrrhiza Fabaceae	Licorice	Roots	Glycyrrhizine	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
27	Hibiscus asper	Hibiscus Malvaceae	Hibiscus	Leaves		Foyet et al., 2011
28	Huperzia serrata	Huperzia Lycopodiaceae	Club moss	Moss	Huperzine A and B	Jesky et al., 2011
29	Hypericum perforatum	Hypericum Hypericaceae	St. John’s wort	Roots	1.Naphthodianthrone: Hypericin 2.Prenylated phloroglucinol: Hyperforin	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
30	Ilex paraguariensis	Ilex Aquifoliaceae	Mate tea	Leaves	1.Flavanoids: Quercetin, Kaempferol 2.Polyphenols: Chlorogenic acid, Xanthines (Theophylline, Theobromine, caffine) 3.Vitamins: B1, B12	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
31	Illicium verum	Illicium Schisandraceae	Star anise		Sesquiterpenoids: Veranisatins A, B, and C
32	Magnolia officinalis	Magnolia Magnoliaceae	Houpu Magnolia	Bark	1.Magnolol 2.Honokiol	Reddy et al., 2010
33	Marsilea minuta	Marsilea Marsileaceae	Marsilea	Leaves	Marsiline	Dwivedi et al., 2012
34	Melissa officinalis	Melissa Lamiaceae	Lemon balm	Leaves	Rosmarinic acid	Awad et al., 2009
35	Murraya koenigii	Murraya Rutaceae	Curry leaves	Leaves		Parle and Vasidevan, 2009
36	Myristica fragrans	Myristica Myristicaceae	Nutmeg	Seeds		Parle et al., 2004
37	Narcissus confuses	Narcissus Amaryllidaceae	Daffodil	Crude drug	Galanthamine	(Bastida and Viladomat, 2002)
38	Nardostachys jatamansi	Nardostachys Caprifoliaceae	Jatamansi	Whole plant	1.Jatamansone 2.Nardostachone	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
39	Nicotiana tabacum	Nicotiana Solanaceae	Tobacco plant	Leaves	1.Nicotine 2.Choline	Dua et al., 2009
40	Ocimum tenuiflorum	Ocimum Lamiaceae	Holy basil	Whole plant		Joshi and Parle, 2006a, Joshi and Parle, 2006b, Joshi and Parle, 2006c
41	Panax ginseng	Panax Arialaceae	Ginseng	Roots	1.Ginsenosides: Rg1, Rg2, Rg3 2.Saponins: Protopanaxdiol, Oleanoic acid, Protopantriol	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
42	Phyllanthus emblica(synonym: Emblica officinalis)	Phyllanthus Phyllanthaceae	Amla	Fruit	1.l-Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 2.Phyllembin 3.Hypophyllanthin 4.Phyllanthin	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
43	Piper betle	Piper Piperaceae	Bittle leaf	Leaves	Arecoline	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
44	Piper nigrum	Piper Piperaceae	Black pepper	Fruits	Piperine	Chonpathompikunlert et al., 2010
45	Polygala tenuifolia	Polygala Polyagalaceae	Yuan zhi	Roots	Triterpenoid saponins	Kumar et al., 2013
46	Polygonatum multiflorum	Polygonatum Asperagaceae	Solomon’s seal		Emodin	Lu et al., 2007
47	Prunus amygdalus	Prunus Rosaceae	Almond	Nuts	1.Total flavonoid content 2.Total phenolic content	Kumar and Seth
48	Pueraria tuberose	Pueraria Fabaceae	Vidarikand	Tubers	Flavanoids	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
49	Punica granatum	Punica Lythraceae	Pomegaranate	Seeds	1.Tannin 2.Polyphenols: Gallocatechin, Catechin etc.	Kumar et al., 2009
50	Rehmannia glutinosa	Rehmannia Orobanchaceae	Sheng di huang	Roots	1.Iridoids 2.Glycosides 3.Catalpol	Zhang et al., 2008
51	Ricinus communis	Ricinus Euphorbiaceae	Castor oil plant	Beans	Ricinine	Dua et al., 2009
55	Salvia lavandulaefolia	Salvia Lamiaceae	Spanish sage		1.Essential oils 2.8-cineole 3.Linalool 4.α- and β-pinene 5.Carvacrol 6.Luteolin	Reddy et al., 2010
53	Salvia officinalis	Salvia Lamiaceae	Common sage	Leaves	1.Monoferpenoid 2.Camosic acid 3.Rosemarinic acid	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
54	Salvia rosmarinus(synonym: Rosmarinus officinalis)	Salvia Lamiaceae	Rosemary	Leaves	1.Carnosic acid 2.Carnosol	(Kosaka and Yokoi, 2003)
55	Schisandra chinensis	Schisandra Schisandraceae	Five flavor berries			(Hsieh et al., 1999)
56	Scutellaria baicalensis	Scutellaria Lamiaceae		Roots	Flavanoid: Oroxylin A	(Hwang et al., 2011)
57	Sphaeranthus indicus	Sphaeranthus Asteraceae		Flowers		(Patel and Amin, 2012)
58	Solanum indicum	Solanum Solanaceae	Brinjal	Fruit		Gunawardena J
59	Solanum melongana	Solanum Solanaceae	Eggplant	Fruit		Gunawardena J
60	Taverniera cunefolia	Taverniera Fabaceae				Jamdhade and Surwase, 2013
61	Terminalia chebula	Terminalia Combretaceae	Haritaki	Rhizomes	Chebulic acid	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
62	Theobroma cacao	Theobroma Malvaceae	Cocoa	Seeds	1.Catechin 2.Catechol 3.Polyphenols 4.Glycosides 5.Alkaloids	Adams et al., 2007
63	Tinospora cordifolia	Tinospora Menispermaceae	Giloy	Whole plant	1.Tinosporine 2.Tinosporide	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
64	Uncaria tomentosa	Uncaria Rubiaceae		Bulbs	Alkaloids: •uncarine E •uncarine C •mitraphylline •rhynchophylline •isorhynchophylline	Heitzman et al., 2005
65	Vitis vinifera	Vitis Vitaceae	Grapes	Seeds	Resveretrol	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
66	Withania somnifera	Withania Solanaceae	Ashwagandha	Roots	1.Withanolides 2.Sitiindosites- VII, VIII, IX, X 3.Withaferin	Shiksharthi et al., 2011
67	Zingiber officinale	Zingiber Zingiberaceae	Ginger	Rhizome	1.Gingerin 2.Gingerol 3.Shogaol 4.Zingerone	Shiksharthi et al., 2011