Table 2.

Crude drugs to improve memory.

Sl no.	Plant	Genus Family	Extracted in	Study model	Biological effects	Reference
1	Andrographis paniculata	Andrographis Acanthaceae	Methanol	Rats with streptozotocin and nicotinamide induced typeII diabetes	1.Increased cognitive function in typeII diabetic rats 2.Decreased latency period	Radhika et al., 2012
2	Artemisia asiatica	Artemisia Asteraceae	Methanol	In vitro: Abeta-induced toxicity in rat PC12 cells	1.Reduced Abeta induced toxicity, 2.appeared as an AChE inhibitor	Heo et al., 2000
3	Butea frondosa	Butea Fabaceae	Hydro alcohol	Rats with scopolamine-induced amnesia	1.Decreased escape latency in MWM test 2.decreased AChE activity	Malik et al., 2012
4	Celastrus paniculatus	Celastrus Celastraceae	Water	Rats with sodium nitrite induced amnesia	1.Increase acetylcholine level inside the brain by reducing AChE activity 2.Improves memory	Bhanumathy et al., 2010a, Bhanumathy et al., 2010b
5	Clitoria ternatea	Clitoria Fabaceae	Water	Young and adult rats	1. Singificantly increased ACh content inrat hippocampus	Rai et al., 2002
6	Convolvulus pluricaulis	Convolvulus Convolvulaceae	Water	Male Wistar rats with scopolamine induced neorutoxicity	1.Decreased scopolamine induced increase in transfer latency in EPM test 2.In MWM test, increased spatial memory 3.AChE activity inhibited in cortex and hippocampus	Bihaqi et al., 2011
7	Cornus officinalis	Cornus Cornaceae	Methanol	HT22 hippocampal cell with glutamate toxicity	1. Reversed glutamate toxicity in HT22 hippocampal cells	Jeong et al., 2011
8	Corydalis ternate	Corydalis Papaveraceae	Methanol	Mice with scopolamine-induced memory deficit	1.Protopine present in the extract chowed AChE inhibitory activity 2.Reversed scopolamine-induced memory impairment	Kim et al., 1999
9	Desmodium gangeticum	Desmodium Fabaceae	Water	Mice with scopolamine and ageing induced amnesia	1.Reversed both scopolamine and ageing induced amnesia 2.Decreased whole brain AChE activity	Joshi and Parle, 2006a, Joshi and Parle, 2006b, Joshi and Parle, 2006c
10	Eclipta alba	Eclipta Asteraceae	Distilled water	Mice	1. Decreased transfer latency in EPM test	Banji et al., 2007
11	Foeniculum vulgare	Foeniculum Apiaceae	Methanol	Mice	1.Increased step-down latency 2.inhibited AChE activity	Joshi and Parle, 2006a, Joshi and Parle, 2006b, Joshi and Parle, 2006c
12	Gastrodia elata	Gastrodia Orchidaceae	Methanol	Rats	1. Increased shortened step through latency induced by scopolamine	Wu et al., 1996
13	Glycyrrhiza glabra	Glycyrrhiza Fabaceae	Water	1 month old male Wistar albino rats with Diazepam induced amnesia	1.Enhanced learning and memory 2.reversed the effect of diazepam	Chakravarthi and Avadhani, 2013
14	Hibiscus asper	Hibiscus Malvaceae	Methanol	Male Wistar rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-lesion	1.Showed antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity 2.Improved spatial memory in Y-maze, improved arm-maze task	Foyet et al., 2011
15	Hypericum perforatum	Hypericum Hypericaceae	Ethanol	Albino rats with scopolamine and sodium nitrite induced amnesia	1.Decreased transfer latency in EPM 2.Reversed scopolamine and SA induced memory impairment	Kumar et al., 2000
16	Marsilea minuta	Marsilea Mercileaceae	Ethanol	Rats with ECS treated and scopolamine induced amnesia	1.Revrsed amnesia 2.Inhibited AChE activity in the frontal cortex and hippocampus	Bhattamisra et al., 2012
17	Nardostachys jatamansi	Nardostachys Caprifoliaceae	Ethanol	Young and aged mice with scopolamine and diazepam induced amnesia	1.Reversed both scopolamine and diazepam induced amnesia 2.Reduced ageing related amnesia	Joshi and Parle, 2006a, Joshi and Parle, 2006b, Joshi and Parle, 2006c
18	Nepeta menthoides	Nepeta Lamiaceae	Water	Rats with ECS induced amnesia	1. Increased memory retention and retrieval	Sarahroodi et al., 2012
19	Ocimum sanctum	Ocimum Lamiaceae	Water	Rats with scopolamine and ageing induced amnesia	1.Decreased transfer latency in EPM model 2.Increased step-down latency	Joshi and Parle, 2006a, Joshi and Parle, 2006b, Joshi and Parle, 2006c
20	Schisandra chinensis	Schisandra Schisandraceae	Water	Rats	1. Increased shortened step through latency induced by scopolamine	(Hsieh et al., 1999)
21	Scutellaria baicalensis	Scutellaria Lamiaceae			1. Rescued memory impairment caused by chronic LPS infusion	Hwang et al., 2011
22	Sphaeranthus indicus	Sphaeranthus Asteraceae	Petrolium ether	Mice with scopolamine-induced memory impairment	1.Reversed cognitive impairment by PA test, 2.Reduced escape-latency in water maze task, 3.Has anti-cholinesterase activity may be due to presence of sesquiterpene lactones	Patel and Amin, 2012